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Introduction-to-Inductive-and-Deductive-Reasoning (1)

Introduction to Inductive and Deductive reasoning with sample

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Introduction-to-Inductive-and-Deductive-Reasoning (1)

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  1. Introduction to Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Inductive and deductive reasoning are fundamental methods of logical thinking. They are widely used in science, mathematics, and everyday life to draw conclusions and solve problems. by EDNA LOSA

  2. Definition of Inductive Reasoning From Specific to General Pattern Recognition 1 2 Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations or instances. It identifies patterns and trends within a set of data to formulate a hypothesis. Probabilistic Conclusions Example: All swans I've seen are white, so all swans must be white. 3 4 Inductive reasoning leads to conclusions that are probable, but not necessarily certain. This conclusion is based on limited observation and may be disproven.

  3. Examples of Inductive Reasoning Scientific Observation Market Research Personal Experiences Scientists observe a phenomenon repeatedly and draw conclusions based on the observed patterns. Businesses gather data from customer surveys and use inductive reasoning to identify trends and consumer preferences. Our daily experiences influence our inductive reasoning. We learn from our past and form opinions based on observed patterns. • Every time I heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils. • A recent survey found that 70% of customers prefer organic products. • Every time I eat spicy food, my stomach hurts. • Therefore, water always boils at 100 degrees Celsius. • Therefore, I should avoid spicy food. • Therefore, there is a high demand for organic products.

  4. Definition of Deductive Reasoning From General to Specific Logical Syllogisms Deductive reasoning applies general principles to specific cases to arrive at a logical conclusion. Deductive reasoning often follows a syllogistic structure, using a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Certain Conclusions If the premises are true, the conclusion in deductive reasoning is guaranteed to be true.

  5. Examples of Deductive Reasoning All mammals have fur. A cat is a mammal. Therefore, a cat has fur. If it rains, the ground gets wet. It is raining. Therefore, the ground is getting wet. All fruits are sweet. An apple is a fruit. Therefore, an apple is sweet.

  6. Differences between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Specific observations lead to general conclusions. Deductive Reasoning General principles are applied to specific cases. Conclusions Inductive reasoning leads to probable conclusions, while deductive reasoning leads to certain conclusions.

  7. Practice Problems: Inductive Reasoning Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 3 All the dogs in the park are brown. Therefore, all dogs are brown. My neighbor's cat always meows when it wants food. Therefore, all cats meow when they want food. I've seen five crows today, and they were all black. Therefore, all crows are black.

  8. Practice Problems: Deductive Reasoning Problem 1 1 All birds can fly. A robin is a bird. Therefore, a robin can fly. Problem 2 2 If it rains, the streets will be wet. It is raining. Therefore, the streets are wet. Problem 3 3 All fruits are sweet. An apple is a fruit. Therefore, an apple is sweet.

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