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Philippe Askenazy (CNRS-CMH-ENS )

CC By Gilets Jaunes: A labour market view. Philippe Askenazy (CNRS-CMH-ENS ) Ph Askenazy et B. Palier , 2018 “France : rising precariousness supported by the welfare state”, chap. 6 in B. Nolan (ed.) Inequality and Inclusive Growth , Oxford University Press: Oxford .

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Philippe Askenazy (CNRS-CMH-ENS )

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  1. CC By Gilets Jaunes: A labour marketview Philippe Askenazy (CNRS-CMH-ENS) Ph Askenazy et B. Palier, 2018 “France: rising precariousness supported by the welfare state”, chap. 6 in B. Nolan (ed.) Inequality and Inclusive Growth, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Ph. Askenazy, 2018, “The changing of the French labor market, 2000–2017”, IZA World of Labor, N° 412.

  2. France: stability of the labour share = no apparent decoupling Fig. 1: Labour share in non-financial corporations 1990-2017 (own estimations using INSEE NA). In % Caution: transfer pricing; distributed income of corporations from abroad jumped from 0.6% of Gross VA in 1995 to 3.3% in 2017.

  3. Hourly wage inequality seems also globally flat: Tab 1.: Quartile/decile hourly wage ratios. Private workers (excluding interns, employees of households). 1995-2014 (Own estimations using DADS) BUT other dimensions reveal a crumbling working-class

  4. Spatial inequalities are rising Fig. 2: Changes in local unemployment rate vs. initial rate, Q1 2008/Q1 2017. 304 metropolitan employment zones MPselected in 2017 Perpignan: far-right Porto-Vecchio: corsicannationalist

  5. On-demand salaried workers • On-demand salaried workers Fig. 3: Number of private contracts signed each quarter by duration 2000-Q1-2018-Q3. Source: Acoss

  6. Most of the new recruitments are now for less than one month, a majority a week or less! Rehiring jumped from 30% in 2000 to 60% in the 2010s (private sector, excluding temp agencies and specific regime of spectacles) From a logic of optimized matching, stepping stones… to a logic of cost cutting and transfer of business volatility to the workers Suggestive workplace level evidences: the positive correlation between the share of non-permanent workers and labour productivity in the early 2000 has vanished; now correlated with profits

  7. => Increasing inequality despite unemployment insurance. Tab. 3: Yearly gross wages + unemployment benefits - social contributions. All salaried workers. 2008-2015. In 2015 Euros Source: INSEE, new inequality indexes. Own corrections for a break in 2012.

  8. L • On-demand entrepreneurs • On-demand entrepreneurs New status of micro-entrepreneurs in 2009 Face no-administrative requirements Do not have to belong to a professional corporation Flat and low social and fiscal taxes Significant “success”: currently around 3% of French workers(NB: one third cumulate a salaried job). Massive substitution: classic entrepreneurs = > - 1 point Externalization of salaried jobs Magnified by the development of on-demand platforms

  9. => Rising inequality among entrepreneurs Mono-active micro-entrepreneurs earn on average around 6000 Euros... yearly Interquartile ratio of gross income among classic entrepreneurs = 4 When micro-entrepreneurs are included ~ 8!

  10. => falling average income Fig. 4: Non-salaried employment, total hours worked, and mixed income of unincorporated enterprises, 2005-2015. Base 1 = 2007 (own estimations using INSEE NA). In %

  11. L • On-demand entrepreneurs • Young workers and children • Young workers and children

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