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Evolution of Computing: A Historical Overview

Explore the evolution of computing from ancient times to modern eras, including key inventions, contributors, and milestones up to the present day. Discover how early mathematical concepts laid the foundation for the digital age.

elliott-grimes
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Evolution of Computing: A Historical Overview

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  2. The Early Period: Up to 1940 • 3,000 years ago: Mathematics, logic, and numerical computation • Important contributions made by the Greeks, Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese, and Persians • 1614: Logarithms • Invented by John Napier to simplify difficult mathematical computations • Around 1622: First slide rule created

  3. The Early Period: Up to 1940 (continued) • 1672: The Pascaline • Designed and built by Blaise Pascal • One of the first mechanical calculators • Could do addition and subtraction

  4. The Early Period: Up to 1940 (continued) • 1801: The Jacquard loom • Developed by Joseph Jacquard • Automated loom • Used punched cards to create desired pattern • An aside: Luddites

  5. The Early Period: Up to 1940 (continued) • 1823: The Difference Engine • Developed by Charles Babbage • Capabilities: • Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to 6 significant digits • Solve polynomial equations and other complex mathematical problems • Played the horses… • First programmer was Ada Lovelace • Story on NPR

  6. The Early Period: Up to 1940 (continued) • 1890: U.S. census carried out with programmable card processing machines • Processing the census took more than 10 years! • Built by Herman Hollerith • These machines could automatically read, tally, and sort data entered on punched cards

  7. The Birth of Computers: 1940–1950 • Development of electronic, general-purpose computers • Did not begin until after 1940 • Was fueled in large part by needs of World War II • Mark I, ENIAC, ABC system, Colossus, Z1

  8. The Birth of Computers: 1940–1950 • Stored program computer model • Proposed by John Von Neumann in 1946 • Stored binary algorithm in the computer’s memory along with the data • Is known as the Von Neumann architecture • Modern computers remain, fundamentally, Von Neumann machines • First stored program computers • EDVAC • EDSAC

  9. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present • First generation of computing (1950-1959) • Used vacuum tubes to store data and programs • Each computer was multiple rooms in size • Computers were not very reliable

  10. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present (continued) • Second generation of computing (1959-1965) • Replaced vacuum tubes by transistors and magnetic cores • Dramatic reduction in size • Computer could fit into a single room • Increase in reliability of computers • Reduced costs of computers • High-level programming languages • The programmer occupation was born

  11. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present (continued) • Third generation of computing (1965-1975) • Used integrated circuits rather than individual electronic components • Further reduction in size and cost of computers • Computers became desk-sized • First minicomputer developed • Software industry formed

  12. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present (continued) • Fourth generation of computing (1975-1985) • Reduced to the size of a typewriter • First microcomputer developed • Desktop and personal computers common • Appearance of • Computer networks • Electronic mail • User-friendly systems (Graphical user interfaces) • Embedded systems

  13. Figure 1.7 The Altair 8800, the World’s First Microcomputer

  14. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present (continued) • Fifth generation of computing (1985-?) • Recent developments • Massively parallel processors • Handheld devices and other types of personal digital assistants (PDAs) • High-resolution graphics • Powerful multimedia user interfaces incorporating sound, voice recognition, touch, photography, video, and television

  15. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present (continued) • Recent developments (continued) • Integrated global telecommunications incorporating data, television, telephone, FAX, the Internet, and the World Wide Web • Wireless data communications • Massive storage devices • Ubiquitous computing

  16. Think about it… • More transistors were put on chips last year than grains of rice were grown in the world. • Computers are not going anywhere soon.

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