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Internet Security Protocols

Internet Security Protocols. Chapters 5. Outline. Security protocols at various layers (esp., L2TP) IP Security protocol (IPsec). Security protocols for the TCP/IP networks. To provide security over a network connection, typically cryptographical mechanisms are applied.

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Internet Security Protocols

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  1. Internet Security Protocols Chapters 5

  2. Outline • Security protocols at various layers (esp., L2TP) • IP Security protocol (IPsec)

  3. Security protocolsfor the TCP/IP networks • To provide security over a network connection, typically cryptographical mechanisms are applied. • When data (d) is sent from the sender (S) to the receiver (R), the following must be provided: • Confidentiality • Data integrity • Data origin integrity

  4. Security protocolsfor the TCP/IP networks • Security services may be provided at one or more layers: • Application layer security protocols • Transport layer • Network layer • Data link layer (aka. network access layer) • Corresponding layers at both the sender and the receiver must implement compatible security protocols.

  5. Tunneling vs Encapsulation • Encapsulation: • A higher layer packet is “encapsulated” into a lower layer packet, with a new lower layer header added. • HTTP is encapsulated into the TCP layer. • TCP is encapsulated into the IP. • Etc. • Tunneling • a packet at a certain layer, L1, is encapsulated into another layer, L2, which is either the same or higher than L1.

  6. VPNs at different OSI layers • The layer where VPN is constructed affects its functionality. • Example: In encrypted VPNs, the layer where encryption occurs determines • how much traffic gets encrypted • the level of transparency for the end users • Data link layer VPNs (Layer-2) • Example protocols: Frame Relay, ATM • Drawbacks: • Expensive - Requires dedicated Layer 2 pathways • may not have complete security – mainly segregation of the traffic, based on types of Layer 2 connection • Q: Is L2TP a layer 2 VPN?

  7. VPNs at different OSI layers • Network layer VPNs (Layer-3) • Created using layer 3 tunneling and/or encryption Q: difference between encapsulation and tunneling ? See http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tunneling%20protocol • Example: IPsec, GRE, L2TP (tunneling layer 2 traffic by using the IP layer to do that) • Advantages: • A ‘proper’ layer • Low enough: transparency • High enough: IP addressing • Cisco focuses on this layer for its VPNs.

  8. VPNs at different OSI layers • Application layer VPNs • Created to “work” specifically with certain applications • Example: SSL-based VPNs (providing encryption between web browsers and servers running SSL) SSH(encrypted and secure login sessions to network devices) • Drawbacks: • May not be seamless (transparency issue) • Counter-argument: OpenVPN and SSL VPN Revolution (Hosner, 2004) • “The myth that Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Virtual Private Network devices (VPNs) are used to connect applications together is not true. … • A VPN is a site-to-site tunnel. … • There is a terrible misunderstanding in the industry right now that pigeon-holes SSL VPNs into the same category with SSL enabled web servers and proxy servers. … • A VPN, or Virtual Private Network, refers to simulating a private network over the public Internet by encrypting communications between the two private end-points. … • A VPN device is used to create an encrypted, non-application oriented tunnel between two machines that allows these machines or the networks they service to exchange a wide range of traffic regardless of application or protocol. This exchange is not done on an application by application basis. It is done on the entire link between the two machines or networks and arbitrary traffic may be passed over it. …”

  9. Other Classification of VPNs ? • Intranet VPNs vs Extranet VPNs • Remote Access VPNs vs Site-to-site VPNs

  10. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol • An example of network layer VPN: use IP packets to encapsulate Layer 2 frames • Previous RFC (v2) • RFC2661Layer Two Tunneling Protocol L2TP W. Townsley, A. Valencia, A. Rubens, G. Pall, G. Zorn, B. Palter. August 1999 (PROPOSED STANDARD) • A standard method for tunneling Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [RFC1661] sessions • Note: L2TP has since been adopted for tunneling a number of other L2 protocols (e.g., Ethernet, Frame Relay, etc).  L2TPv3 [RFC3931]

  11. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP [RFC1661]) • PPP defines an encapsulation mechanism for transporting multiprotocol packets across layer 2 (L2) point-to-point links. • PPP relies on the Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing, configuring, and testing the data-link connection. • It has a family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for establishing and configuring different network-layer protocols. • Typically, a user obtains a L2 connection to a Network Access Server (NAS) using one of a number of techniques (e.g., dialup POTS, ISDN, ADSL, etc.) and then runs PPP over that connection. • Example: A customer uses a dialup modem or a DSL line to connect to the ISP or the company’s modem pool. Dial client (PPP peer) PPP  NAS (e.g., ISP) • In such a configuration, the L2 termination point and PPP session endpoint reside on the same physical device (i.e., the NAS).

  12. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol • Types of L2TP Tunnels • Compulsory L2TP Tunneling The client is completely unaware of the presence of an L2TP connection. The L2TP Access Concentrator (LAC) is aware of L2TP. Figure 12-3: (client)  PPP + Data  (LAC)  L2TP + Data  (LNS)

  13. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol • Types of L2TP Tunnels (cont.) • Voluntary L2TP Tunneling The client is aware of the presence of an L2TP connection. The LAC is unaware of L2TP. Figure 12-4: (client)  PPP + L2TP + Data  (LAC)  L2TP + Data  (LNS)

  14. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (cont.) • L2TP • L2TP extends the PPP model by allowing the L2 and PPP endpoints to reside on different devices interconnected by a packet-switched network. • With L2TP, a user has an L2 connection to an L2TP access concentrator (LAC, e.g., modem bank, ADSL DSLAM, etc.), and the concentrator then tunnels individual PPP frames to the L2TP Network Server (LNS). (See Fig. 12-1) Dial client (PPP peer)  PPP  LAC  L2TP tunnel  LNS • This allows the actual processing of PPP packets to be divorced from the termination of the L2 circuit.

  15. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (cont.) • A typical L2TP scenario (from RFC2661)

  16. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (cont.) RFC3931Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3) J. Lau, Ed., M. Townsley, Ed., I. Goyret, Ed. March 2005 (PROPOSED STANDARD) L2TPv3 defines the base control protocol and encapsulation for tunneling multiple Layer 2 connections between two IP nodes. L2TPv3 consists of • the control protocol for dynamic creation, maintenance, and teardown of L2TP sessions, and • the L2TP data encapsulation to multiplex and demultiplex L2 data streams between two L2TP nodes across an IP network.

  17. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (cont.) • L2TP (according to TheFreeDictionary, http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/L2TP) • A protocol from the IETF that allows a PPP session to travel over multiple links and networks. (Note: a limitation of L2TPv2) • L2TP is used to allow remote users access to the corporate network. • PPP is used to encapsulate IP packets from the user's PC to the ISP, and L2TP extends that session across the Internet. • L2TP was derived from Microsoft's Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and Cisco's Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) technology.

  18. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (cont.) • From Access Concentrator to Network Server • The "L2TP Access Concentrator" (LAC) encapsulates PPP frames with L2TP headers and sends them over the Internet as UDP packets (or over an ATM, frame relay or X.25 network). • At the other end, the "L2TP Network Server" (LNS) terminates the PPP session and hands the IP packets to the LAN. L2TP software can also be run in the user's PC. • Carriers also use L2TP to offer remote points of presence (POPs) to smaller ISPs. Users in remote locations dial into the carrier's local modem pool, and the carrier's LAC forwards L2TP traffic to the ISP's LNS. user original IP packet (p)  PPP+p  LAC  L2TP+PPP+p  LNS • L2TP and IPsec • L2TP does not include encryption (as does PPTP), but is often used with IPsec in order to provide virtual private network (VPN) connections from remote users to the corporate LAN.

  19. L2TP Operations • Assumptions: Compulsory tunneling • The Procedure: • The Client initiates a PPP connection to the LAC. • The LAC does LCP negotiation with the client, and challenges the client for authentication credentials. • The client supplies the credentials (such as user name, domain name, password). • The LAC uses the domain name to ascertain which LNS it needs to contact (in the case of multiple domains). • The LAC begins establishing an L2TP tunnel with the LNS. • Two Stages of L2TP Tunnel Setup: • Set up a control session between the LAC and the LNS. • Set up the actual L2TP tunnel for passing the data (aka. ‘creating the session’) • Notes: • Between a pair of LAC and LNS, there may exist multiple tunnels. • Across a single L2TP tunnel, there may exist multiple sessions.

  20. L2TP Tunnel Setup (from RFC2661)

  21. L2TP Operations • Control Connection Establishment • Securing the peer’s identity, identifying the peer’s L2TP version, framing, etc. • Figure 12-5: • LAC SCCRQ (start-control-connection-request)  LNS • LAC  SCCRP (start-control-connection-reply  LNS • LAC  SCCN (start-control-connection-connected  LNS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LAC  ZLB ACK  LNS The ZLB ACK is sent if there are no further messages waiting in queue for that peer.

  22. L2TP Operations • Session Establishment • A session may be created after successful control connection is established. • Each session corresponds to a single PPP stream between the LAC and the LNS. • Session establishment is directional: • Incoming call: The LAC asks the LNS to accept a session; • Outgoing call: The LNS asks the LAC to accept a session • Figure 12-6 (Incoming Call Establishment): • LAC ICRQ (Incoming-Call-Request)  LNS • LAC  ICRP (Incoming-Call-Reply  LNS • LAC  ICCN (Incoming-Call-Connected  LNS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LAC  ZLB ACK  LNS The ZLB ACK is sent if there are no further messages waiting in queue for that peer.

  23. L2TP Message Header

  24. L2TP Control Messages (from RFC2661)

  25. L2TP Authentication(from RFC2661) • Authentication, Authorization and Accounting may be provided by the Home LAN's Management Domain, which is behind the LNS. • In that case, the LAC performs proxy authentication, by passing authentication information back and forth between the user and the LNS.

  26. L2TP Operations • Case Studies: • Setting up compulsory L2TP Tunneling Figure 12-10

  27. L2TP Operations • Case Studies (cont.) • Protecting L2TP Traffic using IPsec in a compulsory tunneling setup Figure 12-11 NOTE: L2TP encapsulation occurs before IPSec processing.

  28. L2TPv3 Topology(from RFC3931) • L2TP operates between two L2TP Control Connection Endpoints (LCCEs), tunneling traffic across a packet network. • There are three predominant tunneling models in which L2TP operates: LAC-LNS (or vice versa), LAC-LAC, and LNS-LNS.

  29. L2TPv3 Topology (from RFC3931)

  30. L2TPv3 Topology (from RFC3931)

  31. L2TPv3 Topology (from RFC3931)

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