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APA Documentation

APA Documentation. Goals for Today. Examine basic APA document format Discuss in-text citations Compare short and long quotation formats Illustrate reference formatting Apply APA style to your academic papers. APA Style. American Psychological Association

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APA Documentation

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  1. APA Documentation

  2. Goals for Today Examine basic APA document format Discuss in-text citations Compare short and long quotation formats Illustrate reference formatting Apply APA style to your academic papers

  3. APA Style American Psychological Association Originally designed for psychology and social sciences, extended to other fields. Emphasizes authors and dates, which must be given in the body of your text.

  4. Academic Writing = A Conversation! The act of academic writing is the act of entering a conversation (Graff & Birkenstein, 2006, p.ix). You need to know what others have said before you can contribute effectively.

  5. Academic Writing = A Conversation! In academic writing, you have to establish for your readers what has been said, who said it, and when before making assertions about it.

  6. Bringing in Other Authors To establish the context of your writing, what you may be reporting or responding to, you have to refer to other works. In APA style, that requires citing the author’s name and the year of publication of their work.

  7. To Cite (verb) To identify the source of statements derived from another work you have read (a.k.a. to document). Such identification is done in the text through signal phrases and parenthetical citations.

  8. What to Cite Cite any information you have read which has an effect on your paper (American Psychological Association, 2010).

  9. What to Cite Direct quotes—exactword-for-word reproductions, or else show where elements were left out with ellipses . . .

  10. What to Cite Borrowed ideas—“statistics and other specific facts; visuals such as cartoons, graphs, and diagram; and any ideas you present in a summary or paraphrase” (Hacker, 2011, p. 500).

  11. What to Cite If it is rare information or contentious—people argue about it—cite the source. And, of course, when in doubt, cite the source.

  12. What Not to Cite? common knowledge that could be found in almost any reference source, or that your audience is sure to know already

  13. Your (and Your Sources’) Time to Shine • Showing information on your sources demonstrates your own research accomplishments (Spatt, 2011). • Documentation also allows readers to look up your sources and learn more on your topic.

  14. Avoid Plagiarism—It’s stealing! More specifically, according to Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers (2011), “Three different acts are considered plagiarism: (1) failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas, (2) failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and (3) failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words” (428).

  15. Summary vs. Paraphrase Summary—short version of a text in all new words Paraphrase—also completely rewords and restructures a text, but is about the same length as the original

  16. Cite as You Note and Draft With full documentation, take notes in either word-for-word quotes or entirely rewritten in your own style. This way, you’ll always know where a quote or idea came from, and you’ll be practicing documentation as you draft your papers.

  17. Example Notes Dennison, H.A. (2011, January-February). Creating a computer-assisted learning module for the non-expert nephrology nurse. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 38(1). 41-53. “A nephrology nurse with a solid clinical knowledge base can successfully improve patient outcomes in these challenging critical situations” (p. 42). Corroborating or contradictory sources? “Since only 14 non-expert nephrology nurses participated, the extent to which the project can be evaluated is limited” (p. 47). So what is the value of this study?

  18. Elements of APA Documents • Title Page • Running Header • Abstract • Document Sections with Headings: • Introduction • Method • Results • Discussion • References

  19. APA Title Page

  20. Title Page Header aligned left: • Running head: SHORT VERSION OF YOUR TITLE Maximum 50 characters in all caps • Page number aligned right

  21. Middle of page, centered: • Full title of your work (12 words or fewer) • Your name • Your school’s name Near bottom of page: • Heading “Author Note” centered • First line indented ½-inch • The course name, section, and instructor name, or other institutional information

  22. Running Header Use “Different First Page” function, and for title page only, type “Running head:” before a truncated version of your title in ALL CAPS. In body of document, header is only your title in all caps. Throughout document, page numbers should align with the right margin starting from the title page.

  23. Abstract Summary of your document, 100-150 words Format: • Center heading “Abstract” top of page 2 • Begin abstract paragraph without indenting the first line. • Double space throughout.

  24. Document Body • Begin with full title centered on page 3 • 12-pt Times New Roman or Arial font • Indent first lines of paragraphs one half-inch • Double space throughout • No extra space between paragraphs

  25. SectionHeadings • Centered and boldface type • Capitalize first and last words, and all words of 4 letters or more • Typical sections include introduction, method, results, and discussion

  26. In-Text Citations When using information from another work, it should be identified by a signal phrase leading into the sourced material, followed by a parenthetical citation when needed (Hacker & Sommers, 2011).

  27. APA Signal Phrases • Identify the author(s) by last name, follow with thepublication year in parentheses, and generally introduce the origins of the information.

  28. No Dumped Quotes! • A quotation without a signal phrase, citation, or discussion is called a “dumped quote.” • Dumped quotes lack credibility and do not flow well.

  29. Example of Dumped Quote Some authors talk about language in a descriptive way and others are prescriptive. “Before the eighteenth century, writers and speakers typically referred to an indefinite subject . . . with a they, their, or them.” Lynne Truss likes to tell people where to put their commas.

  30. Huh? • Who said what? Which? When? • Where was the quote from? • Who is Lynne Truss?

  31. Signal Phrases Mark where your words end and the ideas of another writer begin—your turn-taking in the conversation—regardless whether quotation, summary, or paraphrase.

  32. First, Introduce Your Friends Give the author’s full name and credentials the first time mentioned, only family name after.

  33. Example Author Credentials The team of researchers at the University of Washington Medical School led by Dr. Maxine Moynihan (2013) determined that . . . Ben Yagoda (2007), professor of English at the University of Delaware, has delighted in . . .

  34. APA Signal Phrases • Use past tense verbs and let the verb show how you are using the source material, i.e., as background, support, refutation, etc., in relation to your thesis or purpose.

  35. APA Signal Phrases • If no signal phrase is used, then the author’s name and publication date must be in the parenthetical citation.

  36. Either in the style of Author (YEAR) verbed/has verbed . . . or “ . . .” verbed Author (YEAR, p. ##). or [According to] Author (YEAR), “ . . .” (p. #). Format Signal Phrase

  37. Example Signal Phrases Burns, Quimby, and Simpson (2012) devised a metric whereby . . . “. . ,” as Dawkins explained (1999, p. 76). This was seen as Smith, et al. (1997) demonstrated in the synthesis of . . .

  38. APA Signal Phrase Tense APA signal phrase verbs are to be in past tense or present perfect tense: Pinker (2001) argued that . . . Pinker (2001) has argued that . . .

  39. APA Signal Phrase Tense Present tense is to be used only when “discussing the results of an experiment (the results show) or knowledge that has clearly been established (researchers agree)” (Hacker & Sommers, 2011, p. 506).

  40. In a literature review, almost all the support of your argument will come from others’ work and must have author-date citations, even for brief analyses of many sides of a debate. Citations for Summaries

  41. Example of Summary Analysis: While some linguists have reduced language to an unrecognizable mathematical abstraction (Chomsky, 1957), others who write about language have done so not in the voice of dry academic researchers but with passionate nostalgia (Truss, 2004).

  42. Short Quotations In the APA style, most quotations are short phrases blended into sentences

  43. Example Short Quotation Usability indicates that a user can accomplish a task “quickly and easily” (Nielson, 2005); it is considered “user-friendly.” (Example from Dennison, 2011, p. 43)

  44. Quotations Quotes should always, at the very least, be structured within a citation framework:

  45. Example Quotation A heuristic evaluation (Nahm, Preece, Resnick, & Mills, 2004) is “a small set of experts that examine the interface and judge its compliance with recognized usability principles” (p. 327). (Example from Dennison, 2011, p. 44)

  46. Long Quotations • When quoting passages longer than 40 words, • Provide introduction in paragraph format. • Use complete sentence followed by colon. • Begin the quote on the next line.

  47. Long Quotations • Keep double-spacing throughout. • Follow the final punctuation with parenthetical citation. • On the line after the quotation, resume the paragraph to its conclusion. • Indent the quote one half-inch from left margin.

  48. Example Long Quote Though it may be challenging to the prevailing paradigm, innovations in computer-based instruction can quite beneficial: Hebda, Czar, and Mascara (2006) cite the many benefits of utilizing computer-assisted learning for nurses. Learners can proceed at a comfortable pace and can log on anywhere there is computer access. Learners can also skim through content they are comfortable with and spend more time focusing on areas of weakness. There is no time restriction to learning, allowing learners to practice new skills without fear of harm to others in a non-threatening environment. (Dennison, 2011, p. 43) This would make access to computers and computing devices no longer an optional luxury, of course, but a necessity of continued education in the field.

  49. Quotation Punctuation Periods and commas go inside end quotes, whether single or double quotes* * except when a sentence ends with a parenthetical citation.

  50. Example Quote Punctuation “The new nephrology nurse often concentrates on the basic mechanics of the hemodialysis treatment, such as ‘learning the machine’ and how to ‘string lines’” (Dennison, 2011, p. 41).

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