Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9

2. Lesson 1- World War I • Fighting broke out in 1914 in Europe. Many countries were involved. The United States stayed neutral, or didn’t take a side, at first. • The war was between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. • The Allied Power countries were Britain, France, and Russia. The Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.

3. The United States Gets Involved • Germany began sinking United States ships. The United States joined the Allied Powers in World War 1 in 1917. • Alabama had 74,000 soldiers to serve in the war. The 42nd Division, from Alabama, was the first group of soldiers sent to Europe. • Alabamians grew vegetables, sewed clothes, canned food, and built warships to help in the war. • The Allied Powers won the war in 1918.

4. World War I

5. Heroes of World War Ihttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=490CE406-090C-4167-BDEE-9D67B5FC0B72&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

6. Roaring Twenties • The 1920’s were a time of prosperity. People had more money, had better jobs, and the economy boomed. • Many new inventions such as a car, vacuum cleaner, radio, and electricity also improved the lives of Alabamians. • In 1920 the 19th Amendment was added and it allowed women the right to vote

7. Roaring Twenties

8. Roaring Twentieshttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=FB3F882C-B47C-45FB-9044-D60576F1D56C&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US(first segment only)

9. The Great Depression • The good times of the 1920’s came to an end. People and businesses had borrowed too much money after World War 1. In October 1929, people began to sell their stocks, or shares of companies. The prices of the stocks fell and the stock market crashed. • People borrowed more money than their stocks were worth. Many companies closed and the workers lost their jobs. Many banks closed too and people lost all of their savings.

10. The Great Depression • A depression is a time of low production and when many people cannot find work. • Being out of work is called unemployment. • The depression lasted so long and was so severe that it was called the Great Depression.

11. The Great Depression in Alabama • Banks closed and people lost their life savings • Mining and steel production dropped • Many factories closed because didn’t have as much money to spend (people lost their jobs) • Large numbers of people lost their homes and went to soup kitchens and waited in bread lines for free food. • Alabama’s state government tried to help by building camps where people could sleep in tents and be given food.

12. The Great Depression

13. The Great Depressionhttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=28DF7397-D53F-406F-A49F-219125726FE0&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

14. Hard Times for Farmers • During the Great Depression, Alabama farmers had planted too many crops and wore out the soil. This is called overcropping. The prices of farm goods fell and people could not afford to buy farm products. • There was a huge flood in 1929 that caused erosion, or the wearing away of the soil caused by water and wind.

15. The New Deal • President Roosevelt developed a series of programs known as the New Deal. The plan lasted from 1933-1939. It brought many jobs to people across the country. • The Tennessee Valley Authority hired thousands of Alabamians to build dams. • The Civilian Conservation Corps hired 67,000 Alabamians to plant trees to prevent erosion. • The Works Progress Administration hired workers to build roads, bridges, and public buildings. • These programs helped people to have jobs and get back on track after the Great Depression.

16. The New Deal

17. The New Dealhttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=E413559A-5912-4BB1-88DF-C0119566538F&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

18. World War II • In the late 1930’s, Germany, Japan, and Italy began attacking other countries. In 1939, these attacks led to World War II. • The United States stayed out of the war until Japan bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Dec. 7, 1941. • During WWII, 250,000 Alabamians served in the war. 450 African Americans served as pilots known as the Tuskegee Airmen (the first African American pilots in the U.S. military).They shot down more than 260 enemy planes. • WWII brought jobs, money, and people to Alabama. Women worked as welders and filled jobs men held before leaving for the war.

19. World War II • Daily life changed during the war. Items such as meat, butter, gasoline, and sugar were rationed. People planted “victory gardens” to help supply food. • After the war ended, inflation was a problem. Inflation is the sharp rise in prices. This happened because of the sharp rise in prices and demand of goods. • After the war, thousands of African Americans moved North for jobs. Those who stayed in Alabama began fighting for equal rights.

20. World War II

21. World War IIhttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=BC922622-57B0-49C7-8A8C-1402AF991964&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

22. Lesson 2- Equal Rights The U.S. economy remained strong after WW II. Our nation faced other challenges. For many years African Americans had faced discrimination and segregation (blacks and whites). Discrimination- unfair treatment

23. Remember, in 1896, the US Supreme Court said that places that were “separate but equal” did not go against the Constitution. Because of that, many public places such as hotels, restaurants, and swimming pools were segregated. African Americans were forced to use back entrances at restaurants or they had to sit in separate sections. Some were not allowed to enter at all. In Alabama, African Americans had to attend segregated schools that received less money for supplies and buildings than other schools did.

24. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court said that all schools had to desegregate. Desegregate- end the separation of people by race Some people disagreed with desegregation, many of these people were leaders in the schools and government and so they kept many schools segregated. George C. Wallace was one of the people who disagreed with desegregation and tried to stop it. Some African Americans challenged segregation. Autherine Lucy Foster became the first African American to attend the University of Alabama. She was expelled because of her race. Nearly 40 years later, she went back and finished with a Master’s degree.

25. Struggling for Equal Rights Many people across the nation worked for Civil rights. Civil rights- rights that the United States Constitution guarantees to all citizens. The Civil Rights Movement gained strength in Montgomery in 1955 when Rosa Parks stood up for her rights.

26. Rosa Parks Rosa Parks stood up for her rights when she refused to give up her seat to a white person, and she was arrested. According to the law in Alabama, black passengers could sit in the middle of the bus, but only if white passengers did not want those seats. As a result, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a church minister and civil rights worker, helped organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott in protest. Boycott- an organized refusal to buy goods or services. 2 min. Rosa Parks Video on Bio.com

27. Dr. King became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. He encouraged people to use nonviolence to gain equal rights. Nonviolence- the use of peaceful protest and education The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a nonviolent protest that lasted 381 days. Finally, Frank M. Johnson Jr., a federal judge from Alabama, ruled that Montgomery’s bus segregation law was illegal.

28. Birmingham Church Bombing Some people who were against the Civil Rights movement used violence to protest. On September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded at the Sixteenth Avenue Baptist Church in Birmingham. Four young girls were killed in the explosion. The church was targeted because it had been used to organize civil rights events earlier that spring.

29. After the bombing… Dr. King and other civil rights supporters were determined to gain equal rights. The U.S. government soon decided that civil rights laws were needed to protect African American citizens. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made segregation illegal in all public places.

30. After the Civil Rights Act was passed, the Civil Rights movement focused on voting rights. In March 1965, Dr. King organized a march from Selma to Montgomery to protest laws in the South that kept African Americans from voting. The marchers were stopped by police officers before they even left Selma. So, Dr. King asked for federal protection for the marchers. Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that civil rights supporters had the right to march.

31. The March On March 21, about 3,200 people from across the U.S. made another attempt to march to Montgomery. This time they were protected by federal troops. By the time they reached Montgomery on March 25th, the number of marchers had grown to about 25,000! 7:45 Video on PBS.org

32. The Selma-to-Montgomery March brought national attention to the struggles of African Americans in the South. In August the U.S. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to protect the right of all Americans to vote.

33. Celebrating Changes The Civil Rights movement brought many changes to Alabama and the rest of the nation. Segregation was made illegal and African Americans were finally able to vote. Soon African Americans began running for and winning political offices throughout the South. Richard Arrington Jr. was elected as Birmingham's mayor in 1978. Arrington was reelected in 1983 and 1988. In 2000, James Perkins Jr. became the first African American mayor of Selma. His election defeated the former mayor who had held office for 36 years.