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Presentation on. Kashmir Dispute. Introduction:.

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  1. Presentation on Kashmir Dispute www.AssignmentPoint.com

  2. Introduction: • A region of south central Asia, mainly mountainous but including the broad and fertile valleys of the river Indus and its majority tributaries. The territory is divided into two parts by the Himalayas. To the southeast are three region: the Vale of Kashmir or upper Jehlum valley, the districts of poonch and Mangla in the middle Jehlum valley and the Jummu-Kathua plain or the Chenab and Ravi valleys. Beyond the Himalayas, to the north and Northeast are Gilgit, Baltistan and Ladakh, the last two mainly occupied by the Karakoram ranges. Kashmir dispute and Asif Ali Zardari London, Mar 10 : Many Kashmiris and ... www.AssignmentPoint.com

  3. Historical Background: • Geologists believe that about ten crore years have passed when Kashmir Valley which was once a lake called Satisar, the lake of goddess Sati, came into its present form. • For hundreds of million years Kashmir Valley remained under Tethya sea andthe high sedimentary-rock hills seen in the valley now were once under water. Geologists have come to believe that Kashmir Valley was earlier affected by earthquakes. Once there was such a devastating earthquake that it broke open the mountain wall at Baramulla. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  4. Situation, Location, Area and Extent: Kashmir is located in the North and North-East of Pakistan, ... The territories of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh and Gilgit form the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had earlier been under Hindu rulers and Muslim sultans, became part of the Mughal Empire under Akbar from 1586. After a period of Afgan rule from l756, it was annexed to the Sikh Kingdom of Punjab in 1819. In 1820 Maharaja Ranjit Singh made over the territory of Jammu to Gulab Singh. In 1846 Kashmir was also made over to Gulab Singh under the Treaty of Amritsar. Ladakh was annexed by Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1830. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  5. Kashmir Information • At that time the total area of the state was 2,22,236 sq. Km. Pakistan invaded the State in October 1947. Indian forces pushed Pakistan back but in 1949 when a cease fire line was drawn about one third of the area i.e. 78932 sq. Km. I.e. The whole of Gilgit, Mirpur, Kotli and a part of Poonch came into the possession of Pakistan, leaving behind only 143,30 sq. Km. On the Indian side. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  6. Geographical and Political Importanceof the State: • Geographical Importance: Its geography is vulnerable from land borders as well as sea borders. Kashmir is famous for its beauty and natural scenery throughout the world. Its high snow-clad mountains, scenic spots, beautiful valleys, rivers with ice-cold water, attractive lakes and springs and ever-green fields, dense forests and beautiful health resorts. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  7. It is also widely known for its different kinds of agricultural products, fruit, vegetables, saffron, herbs, minerals, precious stones handicraftslike woollen carpets, shawls and finest kind of embroidery on clothes. Political Importance: • The state of Jammu and Kashmir has acquired since the 19th century a unique geo-political status in the Indian sub-continent It has contiguous boundaries with Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China and Tibet that deserve constant vigil and as such it has made the State very important. Geographically, politically, economically and from the military point of view. Jammu and Kashmir state acceded to the Indian Union in 1947 after the partition. The political dispute and attendant violence disturbs what should otherwise ... www.AssignmentPoint.com

  8. Rivers, Lakes, Springs, Tributaries and Glaciers: LAHORE: India and Pakistan need to worry less about the Kashmir issue and ... Rebecca Byerly in Srinagar, Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir State is well known for its charming scenery. There are beautiful springs, lakes, rivers and their tributaries. All these add to its scenic beauty. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  9. The Jhelum (Vyeth in Kashmiri, Vetesta in Sanskrit and Hydaspes in Greek) is the main waterway of the valley of Kashmir. It rises from a beautiful spring called Verinag. This spring is situated at the foot of a spur of the Pir Panjal mountain. ( One of the bridges that span the Jhelum in the old city) www.AssignmentPoint.com

  10. The Jhelum flows to a distance of 25.6 Kms to Khanabal like a nullah. From that place a number of tributaries join the Jhelum and make it navigable from Khannabal to wullarlake. Its total length in the valley is 177 kms. It flows in loops through the valley till it enters the Wullar; it flows out from its other side to Baramulla and then it enters the boundary of Pakistan. Tributaries of the river Jhelum: 1. The Vishav is fed by lhe Kaunsarnag lake which is about 3 Kms long. It joins thejhelum below Bijbehara. Kounsarnag is at an elevation of about 4000 metres above sea level in the Panjal mountains to the south of Kashmir. Ice is present in the lake even in summer. 2. The Romushi is another tributary of the Jhelum. It flows from Kharmarg to Pakharpur and flowing towards north-east. It joins the Jhelum at 75 deg. East longitude. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  11. (Lidar at Pahalgam.) 3 . The Dudhganga is another tributary of the Jhelum that flows from Ludurmarg and rises in the central Pir Panjal near Tata Kuti mountain. 4. The Sukhang is another important tributary. It rises near Gulmarg and irrigates a large area. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  12. Lakes: • 1. The Wullar Lake in Kashmir is the largest fresh water lake in India. It is about 16 Kms.long and 9 .6 Kms wide with ill-defined shores. This lake lies between Bandipore and Sopore at a distance of 75 Kms. From Srinagar. www.AssignmentPoint.com Wular Lake.

  13. 3. The Sheshnag Lake is situated near Vavjan, enroute to Shri Amarnath cave. It is at a distance of 28 Kms. From Pahalgam. Dal Lake Sheshnag Lake 2. The Dal Lake is a beautiful lake near Srinagar. It is 8 Kms long and 6.4 Kms. Wide. It is the flood-lung of the Jhelum. The famous Mughal gardens are situated around it. The lake is an ideal place for swimming and sailing in Shikaras and motorboats. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  14. Climate of Kashmir: • The climate found in the zone of the Middle Mountains and the valleys enclosed is of a particular type. Altitude determines the degree of coolness and elevation the form of precipitation and summer temperature. Winter is cold and of long duration. When the monsoons are strong, rain is caused. In higher mountains round the valley of Kashmir, winter is very cold and there is snow-fall. Summer is very short and milder. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  15. Disputed area: • The disputed areas of the region of Kashmir. India claims the entire erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmirbased on an instrument of accession signed in 1947. Pakistanclaims all areas of the erstwhile state except for those claimed by China. China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  16. Partition and dispute: • In 1947, British rule in India ended with the creation of two new nations: the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, while British suzerainty over the 562 Indianprincely states ended. Indo-Pakistani War of 1947: After rumours that the Maharaja supported the annexation of Kashmir by India, militant Muslim revolutionaries from western Kashmir and Pakistani tribesmen made rapid advances into the Baramulla sector. Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir asked the government of India to intervene. However, India and Pakistan had signed an agreement of non-intervention. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  17. 1989 popular insurgency and militancy: • In the years since 1990, the Kashmiri Muslims and the Indian government have conspired to abolish the complexities of Kashmiri civilization. The world it inhabited has vanished: the state government and the political class, the rule of law, almost all the Hindu inhabitants of the valley, alcohol, cinemas, cricket matches, picnics by moonlight in the saffron fields, schools, universities, an independent press, tourists and banks Conflict in Kargil: In mid-1999, insurgents and Pakistani soldiers from Pakistani Kashmir infiltrated into Jammu and Kashmir. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  18. Indian view: Maharaja Hari Singh signed the instrument in October 1947 under which he acceded the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India. The Indian viewpoint is succinctly summarized by Ministry of External affairs, Government of India • India holds that the Instrument of Accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India , signed by Maharaja Hari Singh (erstwhile ruler of the State) on 25 October 1947 & executed on 27 October 1947between the ruler of Kashmir and the Governor General of India was a legal act, was completely valid in terms of the Government of India Act (1935), Indian Independence Act (1947) and international law and was total and irrevocable.  www.AssignmentPoint.com

  19. India does not accept the two-nation theory that forms the basis of Pakistan and considers that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority state, is in many ways an "integral part" of secular India. • The state of Jammu and Kashmir was provided significant autonomy in Article 370 of the Constitution of India. • All differences between India and Pakistan, including Kashmir, need to be settled through bilateral negotiations as agreed to by the two countries when they signed the Simla Agreement on 2 July 1972. Indiansecurity personnel guardjusbrlrailway station in Anantnag, Kashmir. India has accused Pakistan ofsponsoring terrorism in the region. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  20. Pakistani view: Pakistan's claims to the disputed region are based on the rejection of Indian claims to Kashmir, namely the Instrument of Accession. Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader, and was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris Pakistan maintains that the Maharaja used brute force to suppress the population. Map of Kashmir as drawn by the Government of Pakistan www.AssignmentPoint.com

  21. The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India. Pakistan suggests that this means that Kashmir either wants to be with Pakistan or independent. • According to the two-nation theory, which is one of the theories that is cited for the partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority. India has shown disregard to the resolutions of the UN Security Council and the United Nations Commission in India and Pakistan by failing to hold a plebiscite to determine the future allegiance of the state. Pakistan points to the violence that accompanies elections in Indian Kashmir and the anti Indian sentiments expressed by some people in the state. Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari stated in October 2008 that Kashmiri 'freedom fighters' were terrorists. His remarks were met with widespread condemnation across Pakistan and Kashmir, including from prominent politicians. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  22. Human Rights abuse: A Kashmiri Pandit child killed by Kashmiri separatists. Circa early 1990's. In Jammu and Kashmir, the Islamic insurgency has claimed to have specifically targeted the Hindu Kashmiri Pandit minority and violated their human rights. 400,000 Kashmiri Hindus have either been murdered or displaced. The violence was condemned and labeled as ethnic cleansing in a 2006 resolution passed by the United States Congress. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights reports that there are roughly 1.5 million refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and in Pakistan. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  23. 2008 militant attacks: • In the week of 10 March 2008, 17 people were wounded when a blast hit the region's only highway overpass located near the Civil Secretariat—the seat of government of Indian-controlled Kashmir—and the region's high court. 2008 Kashmir protests: Massive demonstrations occurred after plans by the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir state government to transfer 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land to a trust which runs the Hindu Amarnath shrine in the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley. This land was to be used to build a shelter to house Hindu pilgrims temporarily during their annual pilgrimage to the Amarnath temple. 2008 Kashmir elections: State elections were held in Indian-held Kashmir in seven phases, starting 17 November and finishing on 24 December 2008. In spite of calls by separatists for a boycott, an unusually high turnout of almost 50% was recorded. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  24. 2010 Kashmir Unrest: • The 2010 Kashmir unrest were a series of protests in the Muslim majorityKashmir Valley in Jammu & Kashmir which started in June 2010. These protests occurred in response to 'Quit Jammu Kashmir Movement' which was a civil disobedience movement launched by Hurriyat Conference led by Syed Ali Shah Geelaniand Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, who had called for the complete demilitarization of Jammu and Kashmir. Obama on the conflict: In an interview with Joe Klein of Time magazine in October 2008, Barack Obama expressed his intention to try to work with India and Pakistan to resolve the crisis. He said he had talked to Bill Clinton about it, as Clinton has experience being a mediator. The Washington Times, Selig S Harrison, director of the Asia Programme at the Center for International Policy and a senior scholar of the Woodrow Wilson International, called it Obama's first foreign policy mistake. www.AssignmentPoint.com

  25. conclussion Under the present atmosphere the talk on Kashmir will not bring any fruitful result. India will insist for some actions over the leaders of Mumbai carnage and a fresh assurance from the government of Pakistan that Pakistan’s territory will not be used for terror strike. On the other hand Pakistan will go on; the first priority of peace talk is the dispute of Kashmir. Final result appears to be zero. The best way would be to exchange mutual views to enhance good relations keeping the point of dispute of Kashmir or Mumbai apart. The two neighbors must move forward for the sake of peace and stability in the region, to root out terrorism. There is now a dire and immediate need to change old mindsets and give way to a new and progressive thought. Both Pakistan and India need to avoid shortsighted policies for political short-term gains, which have resulted in poisoning their relations in the past and the present.   www.AssignmentPoint.com

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