SPONCH

1. SPONCH What is SPONCH?

2. TEXT SUPPORT 2-1

3. SPONCH • S= Sulfur • P= Phosphorus • O= Oxygen • N= Nitrogen • C= Carbon • H= Hydrogen 6 most important elements to life

4. Matter • Anything that occupies space and has mass

5. Element • Simplest form of matter, cannot be broken down chemically into a simpler kind of matter

6. Periodic Table of Elements • Organized table of elements discovered so far • Organized according to atomic structure and chemical characteristics

7. Atoms and Atomic Structure • Atoms are the simplest form of an element that keeps all the properties of the element

8. Model of the Atom • Parts of the atom: • Protons (+), Neutrons and Electrons (-) • Nucleus: central core of the atom that contains • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons orbit the nucleus

9. Determining Atomic Structure Using the Periodic Table • Atomic number = # of protons and is smaller number by the symbol • Atomic mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons • Assume for now that protons =electrons

10. Practice

11. Practice

12. Types of Bonds • COVALENT – strong bond between elements • IONIC- attraction between elements due to opposite charges (weaker than covalent) • HYDROGEN – weakest type of bond

13. Covalent • Sharing of electrons to fill the valence shell • Examples– methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

14. Ionic • One element gains electrons becoming ____ • The other element loses electrons becoming _____________ • Opposites attract • Ionic compounds Dissolve easily in water • EX. NaCl

15. Hydrogen bonds • Caused by partial positive and negative charges • Water is best example ﮦ - ﮦ +

16. How does salt dissolve in water? • Na+ and Cl – • Ions become attracted to the partial charges on water

17. Today’s Agenda: Biology I know the following… *atomic mass *atomic number *how to find # of protons *how to find # of neutrons *how to find # of electrons *atomic structure (drawings) *types of bonds

18. QUIZ on Basic Chem. • 2-1

19. Chemistry Basics Quiz

20. Carbon Oxygen Draw the following atoms WATER H2O

21. CARBON – the building block of life! • DRAW Carbon Carbon is able to covalently bond with up to four other elements or form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.

22. Carbon • Carbon chains make up many structures of living organisms. • Varying carbon chains’ structure and/or adding various atoms and molecules to the carbon chain will change it’s function

23. MAKE CH4 * MAKE C2H6 * MAKE C2H4

24. Group of 4 Make… • C4H10 – two different ways

25. Ring Forms of Carbons • Make C4H8 with NO DOUBLE BONDS

26. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Add a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a 2 carbon chain • You just made ethanol – an alcohol that destroys liver cells

27. MACROMOLECULES • 4 Large Molecules Important to Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

28. Stuff to know! • Chapter 2-3 • Carbon chem • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Chapter 2-1 Atomic # Atomic mass Atomic structure Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Water chemistry Solutions,Solvents,pH polarity

29. CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n • Functions= provides energy (glucose is energy source for cells • Monomers = monosaccharides • Examples = glucose, fructose and galactose (all 3 = C6H12O6 so they are isomer)

30. Two linked = disaccharides • Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose

31. Polymer = polysaccharides • Examples = glycogen (animals) starch (plants)

32. Why “bulk-up” on carbs? Why not eat carbs?

33. CONDENSATION REACTION

34. HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN? H20 HYDROLYSIS

35. PROTEINS • Monomers = amino acids • All amino acids have • Amine group (NH2) • Carboxyl group (COOH) • R-groups differ

36. Dipeptide

37. FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS • Structural • Hormones • Transport • Histones • ENZYMES!!!

38. Lock and Key Model

39. What symptoms would you have if you had sickle cell anemia?

40. 1 amino acid is wrong in the hemoglobin sequence = mis-shaped RBCs

41. LIPIDS • MONOMERS = fatty acids • Saturated • Unsaturated

42. COMPLEX • TRIGLYCERIDES • PHOSPHOLIPIDS • WAXES

43. FUNCTIONS • TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy storage • PHOSPHOLIPDS – main component in cell membranes

44. HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES • Fats such as cholesterol and saturated fatty acids build up in arteries • What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis?

45. Concept Map Section 2-3 include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain

46. Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Concept Map Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain

47. WATER CHEMISTRY 2-2

48. Section Outline Section 2-2 • 2–2 Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule 1. Polarity 2. Hydrogen Bonds B. Solutions and Suspensions 1. Solutions 2. Suspensions C.Acids, Bases, and pH 1. The pH Scale 2. Acids 3. Bases 4. Buffers

49. Hydrogen bonds • Caused by partial positive and negative charges • Water is best example ﮦ - ﮦ +

50. Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Section 2-2 Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water