Stuart Dynasty (1603-1714)—attempted to enforce “royal absolutism ”; crypto-Catholic

1. Stuart Dynasty (1603-1714)—attempted to enforce “royal absolutism”; crypto-Catholic • James I (1603-1625) • Charles I (1625-1649)—son of James I 3. Civil War (1642-51) and The Interregnum (1649-1660) 4. Charles II (1660-1685)—elder son of Charles I 5. James II (1685-1688)—younger son of Charles I 6. The Glorious Revolution, 1688 7. William (1689-1702) and Mary (1689-1694) 8. Anne (1702-1714)

2. James I (b. 1566, r. 1566/1603-1625) 1. Great great grandson of Henry VII through Henry VIII’s elder sister, Margaret Tudor; son of Mary Stuart and Lord Darnley (both g.g. of Henry VII) • Mother executed in 1587 for plot against Crown 2. Feared both Puritans and Recusants 3. Tried to rule without parliament and avoid foreign adventures 4. Daemonologie, 1597; True Law of Free Monarchies, 1598; King James Bible, 1611

3. Era of Colonial Expansion • Agra, 1602 • Virginia, 1607 (trade and profit) • Bermuda, 1609 • Plymouth, 1620 (rel. freedom) • St. Kitts, 1624 • Barbados, 1627 • New York, 1626 (trade and profit) • Nevis, Barbuda 1628 • Mass. Bay, 1630 (rel. freedom, 18,000, by 1642) • New Hampshire, 1630 (Pur. Harshness) • Antigua, 1632 • Maryland, 1634 (rel. freedom—for Catholics) • Connecticut, 1636 (rel. and econ. Freedom) • Rhode Island, 1636 (religious freedom • Delaware , 1638 (orign. Swedish; trade and profit) • Belize, 1638 • North Caroline, 1653 (trde and profits) • Jamaica, 1655 • Bombay, 1661 • Bahamas, 1666 • Rupert’s Land, 1670 • Accra, Gambia, Sierra Leone, 1676 • Calcutta, 1690

6. Charles I (1625-1649) • Son of James I; married sister of Louis XIII • Petition of Right (1628)—forced to affirm habeas corpus, right of parliament to tax, no martial law in times of peace, no billeting of troops • Eleven Years’ Tyranny: uspendedparliament in 1629—attempted to collect taxes (feudal dues, ship money) • Laud (Arch. Canterbury from 1633-45)— “beauty of holiness”; “feast the eye rather than tire the ear”

7. Civil Wars, 1642-46, 1648-51 Gentry and Puritans draw closer for Revolution (1640-1660) • demand rights (consultation on taxation, trial by jury, habeas corpus) in return for funds for Scottish war (to impose bishops on the Scottish church Two factions emerge: Anglicans—loyal to C. of E. and Prayerbook; desire to curb excessive power of bishops; generally loyal Puritans—abolish episcopacy, root and branch Civil War (1642-1649) Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)—Puritan squire; govt. for “the people’s good, not what pleases them” New Model Army (citizens) defeat King and aristocracy Moderate Republicanism

8. The Character of Cromwell 'Mr Lely, I desire you would use all your skill to paint your picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughness, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me. Otherwise, I will never pay a farthing for it.'" Question of dictatorship and legitimacy.

9. Charles I and James II

10. Stuart Dynasty Interregnum (1642-1660) Charles II (1660-1685)—Son of Charles I; never attempted to overtly impose absolutism James II (1685-1688)—Younger son of Charles I; a “foolishly fearless Catholic” (WC 398) Declared himself Catholic in 1672 Catholics granted positions in army, navy, privy council Birth of the “Old Pretender”—James Stuart III (June 1688)

11. Restoration Power sharing Intolerant church--Test Acts (1673, 1678) Rise of Parties—Tories and Whigs Unpopular foreign policy Charles II (b. 1630), r. 1660-85

12. James II (r. 1685-88) • Staunch Roman Catholic • M. 2ndly, Mary of Modena, 1673 • Birth of James, Prince of Wales (Old Pretender) 6/10/88

13. Religion and Politics Test and Corporation Acts (1661-1683, in force until 1828-29) 1. State Churches in each kingdom varied, but Protestant 2. “High” and “low” church 3. Anti-Catholicism 4. Convocation in abeyance, 1717-1852 Whigs– opposed James II as a threat to liberty; supported parliament; generous to nonconformists Tories—support for James II; strong monarchist tendencies; strong support for the Church of England

14. Glorious Revolution, 1688 Agreement of Whigs and Tories (passively) Crown offered to Mary (1662-1694) daughter of James II, and William III (1650-1702)—Stadtholder of the United Provinces (1672-1702); son of William II, stadtholder of Orange and Mary, eldest da. Of Charles I; nephew to James II

15. The Declaration of Rights  (Feb . 12, 1688) Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of divers evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom; By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament; By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power; By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes; By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament; By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law; By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law; By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament; By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses; And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders. . . .

16. And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the prince of Orange (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date], in order to such an establishment as that their religion, laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which letters elections having been accordingly made; And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare: That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal; That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious;

17. That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal; That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal; That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law; That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law; That election of members of Parliament ought to be free; That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament; That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted; That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders; That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void; And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently. And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the prince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein.

18. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during their lives and the life of the survivor to them, and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives, and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess, and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly. . . . "I, A.B., do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. So help me God." "I, A.B., do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjure as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position, that princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the see of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm. So help me God." Day 15 February 1688.

19. Act of Settlement, 1701 • Throne passes to Sophia, Electress of Hanover (granddaughter of James I), and her Protestant descendants • No war without the consent of Parliament • Queen Anne (b. 1665/ r. 1702-14)-d. of James II and Anne Hyde (17 pregnancies, no surviving children)

20. The Hanoverians—the 55th claim George I (r. 1714-27) Knew little English Rarely attended cabinets after 1717

21. Britain? Wales, 13th century/1536 Ireland, 12th cent./1700—the Ascendancy (20% Protestant) Scotland—remains independent Treaty of Union (1707) • One kingdom, known as Great Britain • Scotland retains separate legal system • 16 Lords and 45 MPs Diverse colonial empire Unifying force? Anti-French sentiment

23. The Jacobite Tradition

24. Rule Britannia When Britain first, at heaven's command, Arose from out the azure main, This was the charter of the land, And Guardian Angels sang this strain: Rule, Britannia! Britannia, rule the waves! Britons never, never, never shall be slaves. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XO-YXLx-54 htt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ9OOiYoSZY&feature=related CHELSEA RANGERS

25. Britain in 1714 • small—population of 9 million; ¼ size of France (about the size of Kansas) • Wealth and status based on land • Hierarchical society with small peerage (173-267 in eighteenth century) • 1,000 English, 50 Welsh, 175 Scottish, 350 Irish families govern The Ascendancy in Ireland—3,000-5,000 families

26. British society Royalty Peers Churchmen, diplomats, military officers (Duke, Marquess, Earl, Baron) [trade and distribution– 1 in 5 families ca. 1740] Law and professions Gentry Entrepreneurs and businessmen Middling Farmers Lower orders (shopkeepers, tradesmen, skilled laborers) Day laborers Servants, lowest military

27. The Enlightenment and Thought • Growing reliance upon reason, usually by churchmen • Scientific discoveries (Isaac Newton) • Locke’s social and political theories 2. Within a largely conservative society a. limited monarchy b. parliamentary government c. religious toleration d. free speech Scottish Enlightenment-- Rooted in the logical approach of Calvinism • Adam Smith—Wealth of Nations (1776) • James Hutton—The Theory of the Earth (1795)

28. The Enlightenment and Religion • Growth of deism and Erastianism • Rise of Evangelicalism (gradually from 1720s)—piety, simple living, spreading the gospel, good works 1. Charles Simeon and the C.M.S. (1799) 2. Clapham sect—helped found C.M.S., Wilberforce , Charles Grant, Zachary Macaulay • Rise of Methodism (from 1730s)—mission from God against sin 1. John and Charles Wesley 2. George Whitefield 3. With Whigs and Quakers, the heart of the anti-slavery campaign

29. Anti-slavery campaign Secular humanitarianism (court decision of 1772) Religious conviction of Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson from 1780s

30. Captain James Cook (1728-79) • rose through the navy on merit • Discovered “noble savages” and scientific sailing

31. Religious Orthodoxy Authority of Tradition Authority of Scripture Special Creation William Paley-Evidences of Christianity (1794)—linked natural and moral world