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First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!!. 1- systems and functions 2- science you should already know and why you need to know it. Overview of the Systems of the Body. _________________: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels.
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First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!! 1- systems and functions 2- science you should already know and why you need to know it
Overview of the Systems of the Body • _________________: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels
_________________: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines
__________________: communicating within the body using hormones
___________________: defending against disease-causing agents
_____________________: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream
___________________: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves
_________________________: structural support and protection through bones
__________________________: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine
Science you should already know and why you need to review it. • Four macromolecules: * * * *
Why are carbs important? • Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy • Too much glucose gets stored in liver • Not enough glucose, liver releases it • Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake • Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?
Why are proteins important? • Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) • Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase) • Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous impulse to transmit
Why are lipids important? • Main component of all cell membranes • Many vitamins are fat soluble • Cushioning and protection • Too much or too little causes health problems
Why are nucleic acids important? • DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits • Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences • RNA helps to build proteins for the body
QUIZ time • 1 – Carbs • 2 – Proteins • 3 – Lipids • 4 – Nucleic acids
Enzymes work by? • Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules • Why Important? • Almost all chemical processes in the body are driven by enzymes. • If enzyme is not working = illness • Ex. lactose intolerance
ATP is important because? • It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions • Glucose is converted into many ATPs • ATP does work for all cells • Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires
We eat and breathe because? • We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) • We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs • Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration
Chemical equation for eating and breathing • Chemical equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP) Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
Exercising requires Video
Mitosis is important because? • When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones • When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells
An ion is? • Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons • Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulse • Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons • Ex. HCO3 – maintains blood pH
An isomer is? • Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. • Ex glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6 but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use it
Difference between structural and molecular formula is? • Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged • Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule • Glucose and fructose again as examples
Ionic bonds are? • An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms • Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt • Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients
Covalent bonds are? • Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons • Very strong bonds • Important because • Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon based molecules • When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)
Polar and non-polar molecules differ because? • Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) • Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) • Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules
MACROMOLECULES • 4 Large Molecules Important to Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids
Chapter 2-3 • Carbon chem • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Stuff to know! Chapter 2-1 Atomic # Atomic mass Atomic structure Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Water chemistry Solutions,Solvents,pH polarity
CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n • Functions= provides energy (glucose is energy source for cells • Monomers = monosaccharides • Examples = glucose, fructose and galactose (all 3 = C6H12O6 so they are isomer)
Two linked = disaccharides • Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose
Polymer = polysaccharides • Examples = glycogen (animals) starch (plants)
Why “bulk-up” on carbs? Why not eat carbs?
HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN? H20 HYDROLYSIS
PROTEINS • Monomers = amino acids • All amino acids have • Amine group (NH2) • Carboxyl group (COOH) • R-groups differ