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Unit 6: The Civil War ( 1861 – 1865). Causes Leading up to Civil War:. Economic and social differences between the North and South States’ rights vs. Federal authority The issue of slavery The election of Abraham Lincoln. The Election of 1860 :. Abraham Lincoln elected 16 th President
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Causes Leading up to Civil War: • Economic and social differences between the North and South • States’ rights vs. Federal authority • The issue of slavery • The election of Abraham Lincoln
The Election of 1860: Abraham Lincoln elected 16th President 7 southern states secede…4 more to follow
The Civil War Begins! • After South Carolina secedes, it demands Union forces give up Ft. Sumter. The Union refuses so the South fires upon the fort on April 12th-13th, 1861… • The Civil War Begins!
Click here for more info: Compare Two Worlds: North vs South
Comparing Resources • North and South Compared 1860.doc
North’s Military Strategy: • Union: The Anaconda Plan (3 Part Plan): • 1. The eastern campaign to capture Richmond. • 2. Naval blockade of the CSA • 3. Control of the Mississippi River to cut the CSA in half.
South’s Military Strategy: • Fight a War of Attrition • The CSA did not have to win the War…just not lose it. • Goal: Drag out the War and make it too costly for the Union to continue (Similar to the American Rev.) • Assumed England and/or France would come in as an ally…why?
Early Battles of the Civil War (1861-1862): 1st Battle of Bull Run (aka Manassas): July, 1861 • McDowell (Union) vs. Jackson (Conf.) in VA. • South stopped the North’s advance. • It became clear to the North that the war would not be over quickly. Battle of Shiloh (April, 1862): • SW Tennessee, Grant follows Anaconda Plan for the west. • Union prevails on 2nd day. 25,000 dead. • North and South horrified at carnage.
Early Battles of the Civil War Cont: 2nd Battle of Bull Run/2ndManassas (Aug. 1862) • 14,000 Union/8,000 Confederate Casualties. • Confederate Victory motivates the South. Battle of Antietam (Sept. 1862): • RE Lee led troops into Maryland hoping to inspire a pro-Confederate uprising. • At stake: Confederate victory on Union soil might lead to European recognition of the CSA. • Result: Bloodiest single day of Civil War (23,000 dead). Lee retreats to VA, Union Victorious.
The Emancipation Proclamation • Issued by Abraham Lincoln (Sept, 1862) • Declared freedom of all slaves in states of the CSA that did not return to the Union by 1863. • The EP did NOT free slaves in the border states (where slavery existed) that did not secede. • 20,000 slaves freed on January 1, 1863.
1863: The Pivotal Year: • The Siege of Vicksburg (May-July 1863): • The North (Grant) surrounds Confederate fort and blocks supplies from being delivered. • After 40 days, the garrison surrenders. • Victory gives Union forces command of the Mississippi River region.
1863: The Pivotal Year, Cont. • The Battle of Gettysburg (July, 1863): • Significance:The Confederates hoped to sway Northern attitude toward the war with a victory on Northern soil and draw Grant from Vicksburg. • The Turning Point of the war:The North defeats Lee’s Confederate Army in the war’s bloodiest battle (46,000 dead). • 90,000 Union troops met 75,000 Confederates at the village of Gettysburg
Gettysburg (con’t.) • Although R.E. Lee would continue to lead his troops (Army of Northern VA) for 2 more years, the CSA would never recover from the losses at Gettysburg.
Sidenote: the story of the all-black volunteers for the Massachusetts 54th Regiment… • 2 weeks after Gettysburg, the 54th volunteered to lead assault on Ft. Wagner (one of Charleston’s defenses) • Scene: the night before the attack • From the film Glory! • Matthew Broderick • Morgan Freeman • Denzel Washington…
1864-65 and the end of the war • In 1864, Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant Commander of all Union armies • Gave William Tecumseh Sherman command of the Army of the West. Their strategy to end the war:
Grant: fight his way through VA no matter what the cost in lives (b/c the North could afford the losses while the CSA could not.) • Sherman: advance from the west, capture Atlanta, and continue his march to the sea, laying waste to everything in his path (a “scorched earth” policy)
The End of War • Sherman’s “March to the Sea” carried out Grant’s orders…destroyed Atlanta…on to Savannah, GA…then north • Grant marched south from Wash., DC • Now surrounded on 3 sides…Lee said: "Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths."
Surrender • R.E. Lee recognized the War was lost… surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse • The War was over