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馬的繁殖障礙

馬的繁殖障礙. 母馬季節發情的調控機制. Photoreceptors in the eyes. increasing day light. decreasing day light. neurotransmission. Pineal. Melatonin. Melatonin. Hypothalamus. portal system. GnRH. GnRH. Anterior pituitary. blood circulation. Gonadotropine. Gonadotropine. Ovaries.

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馬的繁殖障礙

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  1. 馬的繁殖障礙

  2. 母馬季節發情的調控機制 Photoreceptors in the eyes increasing day light decreasing day light neurotransmission Pineal Melatonin Melatonin Hypothalamus portal system GnRH GnRH Anterior pituitary blood circulation Gonadotropine Gonadotropine Ovaries

  3. 將出生的小馬皆以該年1月1日為其通用出生日(universal birthday),因此馬主希望在早春天或冬天時配種,使母馬能在春天產下小馬。 • 1970年英國統計該年全國馬的懷孕率只有61.2%,到了1989增加到72.4%。可見獸醫對馬的繁殖之貢獻。

  4. Pre-breeding reproductive exam Objective: evaluate the potential for a mare to become pregnant and carry a foal to term 馬繁殖的評估方法 • breeding history • general health and perineal conformation • bacterial culture swab samples, smear • examination of reproductive tract • endometrial biopsy • ultrasonic or endoscopic examination • hormone analysis • chromosome analysis

  5. Back

  6. Back X400, 1-2 mild, 3-5 moderate, > 5 severe X100, > 18 severeendometritis

  7. To

  8. Periglandular fibrosis Normal, active endometrium Seasonal endometrial atrophy Chronic endometritis

  9. endometritis

  10. Northern semi-sphere Subtropical Taiwan These mares are not only possible defined seasonal breeders, but also year-round breeders that could be bred throughout the year in Taiwan.

  11. Most eukaryotic cells contain two full sets of chromosomes. Characteristic chromosome number in some common species of organisms are as follows: As shown above, the diploid chromosome numbers of horse and donkey are 64 and 62, respectively. A mule is the offspring of a mare (female horse) and a jackass (male donkey). The offspring of a male horse (stallion) and a female ass (jenny donkey) is called a hinny. The chromosome number of a mule is 63.

  12. 母馬繁殖障礙之原因 • Non-infectious • Structural Defective vulva Defective vestibulovaginal constriction Persistent hymen Uterine abnormality Ovarian abnormality Developmental abnormality

  13. To

  14. Back

  15. Pneumovagina To 氣膣:陰道黏膜蒼白, Vulva傾斜80

  16. Urovagina Back

  17. Persistent hymen, failure of the müllerian duct to fuse with the urogenital sinus.

  18. endometritis hydrosalpinx leiomyosarcoma 子宮頸粘連 To

  19. Cerivitis To

  20. 其他子宮的疾病 子宮囊腫 子宮萎縮或擴張 子宮黏膜的萎縮或是子宮肌肉收縮無力而使子宮蓄積的液體無法排出而引起慢性子宮內膜炎。 子宮黏連 Back

  21. 子宮囊腫 母馬最常見的子宮異常,會影響馬的懷孕。 endometrial cysts lymphatic cysts endometrial cysts可能會影響授精後的胎囊早期的著床,而較大的lymphatic cysts除了妨礙胚胎早期著床外,對後期胎兒營養的吸收也有極大的妨礙。

  22. endometrial cysts

  23. endometrial cysts Back

  24. 卵巢的疾病 • 卵巢腫瘤 • 卵巢血腫 • 性腺先天發育不良

  25. 卵巢腫瘤 • 不常發生,但主要以granulosa theca cell tumor(GTCT)為主,常具有分泌hormone的功能而造成行為的改變 。

  26. 卵巢腫瘤 • 有雙側性,也有時單側,單側時>10cm ,且另一邊縮小而無功能。

  27. 卵巢腫瘤 • 單側腫瘤割除後仍可再繁殖,而大部分GTCT為良性且單側性發生。 Back

  28. 卵巢血腫 • 濾泡不排卵而一直長大就有可能會充血再慢慢退化 ,甚至到下次排卵及黃體形成時都還未退化。 • 臨床症狀正常,週期正常,對側卵巢消長正常。 • 須與卵巢腫瘤及不排卵的大濾泡作區別診斷。 To

  29. 卵巢腫瘤 卵巢血腫

  30. Normal ovary

  31. 性腺先天發育不良 an open cervix of a mare with gonadal dysgenesis (63,X) Chromosomal abnormality (63,X) genital tract Back

  32. Back

  33. 母馬繁殖障礙之原因 • Non-infectious • Functional abnomalities No estrus behavior -Anestrus due to ovarian acyclicity -Anestrus caused by a prolonged luteal phase -Behavioral anestrus (silent estrus) Shorten luteal phase Irregular or prolonged estrus Ovulatory dysfunction Multiple ovulation Gestational failure

  34. Anestrus due to ovarian acyclicity • Winter anestrus • 在冬天因短日照而呈發情休止 • Lactation-related anestrus • 分娩後看不見母馬的發情 ,有可能是prolactin的抑制腦下垂體分泌gonadotrophin。 • Anestrus • 以PRID治療 Back

  35. Anestrus caused by a prolonged luteal phase • Persistence of luteal activity • 黃體的滯留(超過15-16天)在馬常發生。而 diestrus ovulation也會造成黃體期的延長。 new CL mature CL mature CL

  36. Anestrus caused by a prolonged luteal phase • Pyometra • 因子宮黏膜腺體萎縮, PGF2α無法製造釋出而造成黃體期的延長。 • Pseudopregnancy • 胚胎早期死亡。 • 胚胎已死亡,若子宮內膜杯已形成,母馬可能不發情 。 Back

  37. Behavioral anestrus(silent estrus) • 6%母馬出現發情症狀相當不明顯 ,有濾泡發育且有排卵 。常出現於繁殖季節早期的女馬或是帶著小馬的母馬。 • 在受訓練的小女馬給予非同化性類固醇也會有些雄性化 。 • 一大群母馬在一起而沒有公馬在附近時 。 • 應增加發情的觀察,或定期以超音波監控卵巢週期,以減少人為的疏忽,因為這些馬的發情期比較短。 Back

  38. Shorten luteal phase • 馬在交配時子宮常受到汙染而有短暫的子宮內膜炎,約72~96小時後自癒。但如果子宮內膜炎延續到第5、6天時便會促使子宮提早分泌PGF2α而溶解黃體,使得整個週期變短。 Back

  39. Irregular or prolonged estrus • 發情期延長在馬少見,多發生在春天開始或冬天結束的過渡時期或是卵巢腫瘤。 • 有些是發情行為怪異而被誤判為發情期過長。

  40. Irregular or prolonged estrus • 在季節過渡時期母馬對公馬的反應不一。 • 有的濾泡太小而不排卵且退化,有的濾泡存在時間較長,但其結構仍屬正常。 Autumn anovulatory follicle

  41. 診斷:直腸檢查或超音波檢查可發現>30mm的follicle。若已有黃體出現,便表示已經開始有排卵的週期。 • 治療:因不易配種懷孕,故以hCG或者是GnRH誘導排卵,此外配合16小時的光照效果較佳。 Back

  42. Ovulatory dysfunction • Anovulatory haemorrhagic follicles • 有時成熟濾泡不排卵而只有形成血體,這種血體會長期存在而慢慢退化。

  43. Ovulatory dysfunction • Anovulatory follicles in aged mares • 通常超過20歲的老母馬,雖有發情但不排卵。

  44. Back

  45. Multiple ovulation • 雙排卵發生機率約8~25%,且排卵間隔可能達24-72小時之久。

  46. Multiple ovulation • 容易造成雙胞胎懷孕,流產率高。若未流產則胎兒也容易因發育不成熟而死亡。 • 胚胎死亡則要等子宮內膜杯退化(約90-150天),母馬假懷孕結束後才又回到動情週期。

  47. 在配種後14~16天之間,因胎囊尚在游離狀態,可用超音波監控,將較小的胎囊擠碎。在配種後14~16天之間,因胎囊尚在游離狀態,可用超音波監控,將較小的胎囊擠碎。

  48. 配種後16~30之間,若兩胎囊在同一子宮角不易擠碎,則須考慮注射PGF2α中止懷孕。配種後16~30之間,若兩胎囊在同一子宮角不易擠碎,則須考慮注射PGF2α中止懷孕。 • 若超過37~38天以上,注射PGF2α作人工流產。 • 上述方法若無效,則須藉助外科手術或以超音波由陰道進行尿囊穿刺術進行人工流產。 Back

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