Satrio Pratomo* Pusat Kajian dan Terapan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja Universitas Indonesia

1. RISK MANAGEMENT Satrio Pratomo* Pusat Kajian dan Terapan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja Universitas Indonesia * BP Tangguh Sr. SHE Manager

2. Difinisi • RISK: The chance of something happening that will impact on objectives. • Risiko: Peluang untuk terjadinya sesuatu yang akan mempunyai dampak yang berpengaruh terhadap pencapaian tujuan.

3. Difinisi • Hazards: is a source of potential harm or a situation with the potential to cause loss. • Bahaya: adalah suatu sumber potensi kerugian atau suatu situasi dengan potensi yang menyebabkan kerugian/ kehilangan.

4. Pengertian • Risk = Hazards X Exposure X Probability

5. Hirarki Pengendalian • Risiko di tempat kerja dikurangi dng. Prioritas sbb : • Pengendalian Rekayasa (Engineering Control) • Pengendalian secara Administrasi & Praktek pengoperasian (SOP) . • Alat Pelindung Diri (APD/PPE).

6. Risk Management • Aplikasi kebijakan menejemen & prosedur u/ memaksimalkan kesempatan dan meminimalkan kerugian (LOSS) • Aplikasi kebijakan menejemen, prosedur & praktek (practices) u/ Identifikasi, Analisa, Evaluasi dan Menangani risiko. • Menejemen dlm. Suatu iklim ketidak pastian.

7. Safety : is managing risk to avoid or minimize loss or injury.

8. Risk Management • Pro- Aktif • Sistimatis • Berdasarkan Fakta-2 dan Analisa Logika • Memperhitungkan kenyataan kenyataan politis yg. Lain.

9. Why ….. • Untuk memperbaiki pengambilan keputusan pd. Setiap tingkat mgm. • Keputusan berdasarkan analisa, ketimbang perasaan, keberanian. • Untuk mencegah kejadian yg. Tidak diharapkan/ tdk.direncanakan. • Menejemen perubahan yg. Efektif. • Membuat kesempatan yg. Paling baik.

10. Hazards Analysis Tools • HAZOP • FMEA • Fault Trees • Even Trees • Decision Trees • JSA (Job Safety Analysis).

11. Proses Menejemen Risiko 1 Tentukan Konteks Identifikasi Risiko 2 Monitor & Review Analisa Risiko 3 Assess Risks Evaluasi & Rangking Risiko 4 5 Treat (menangani) Risiko

12. Hierarchy of Risk Reduction ELIMINATION is more powerful than……… PREVENTION is more powerful than……… CONTROL is more powerful than……… MITIGATION is more powerful than……… EMERGENCY RESPONSE

13. Probability 1 2 3 4 5 A HIGH B Reduced Risk MEDIUM C Consequence D E Analyzing Risk LOW

14. RESIDUAL RISK (Managed to ALARP) Emergency Response and other Barriers Mitigate (PassiveActiveOperational) Control (PassiveActiveOps.) Prevention, Engineering Eliminate Reducing Risk

15. Document • BU maintain hazard registers with corresponding risk ranking

16. What’s the purpose? • Hazard Identification • What can go wrong? • Consequence Evaluation • How bad? • Frequency Estimation • How often? • Risk Criteria and Assessment • So what?

17. Environmental Impact Assessment Social Impact Assessment Health Risk Assessment Major Accident Hazard Assessment QRA HAZID HAZOP FMEA What if? Detail Process Job Safety Analysis Task Risk Assessment Risk Tools Pyramid Business Process

18. Proses Menejemen Risiko • 1.Tentukan konteks kegiatan • 2.Apa yg. Akan terjadi ? Bagaimana dpt. Terjadi ? • 3.Tentukan Kemungkinannya,& Konsekuensinya dan sekaligus tentukan tingkat risikonya. • 4. Bandingkan thd. Kriteria yg. Telah ditentukan • 5.Evaluasi pilihan penangannya, persiapkan rencana penangannya, laksanakan rencananya.

19. Konteks • Difinisikan Ruang lingkup • Difinisikan, keterpaparan risiko secara umum • Analisa • Evaluasi • Ambil Tindakan (take action) • Monitor

20. HAZARD ANALYSIS(General definition) • The identification of undesired event, that leads to the materialisation of the hazard • The analysis of the mechanisms by which those undesired event could occur • The estimation of the extent, magnitude and relative likehood of any harmful effects

21. RISK THE PRODUCT OF THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH AN EVENT IS ANTICIPATED TO OCCUR AND THE CONSEQUENCE OF THE EVENT OUTCOME RISK = FREQUENCY x CONSEQUENCE

22. INDUSTRIAL RELATED DEFINITIONS • Hazard: An inherent physical or chemical characteristic of a material, system, process or plant that has the potential for causing harm. • Chemicals provide additional hazards due to the toxic, flammable, explosive, and reactive hazards. • Risk: For episodic events, risk is a function of probability and consequence. • Risk Analysis: Quantitative estimate of risk • Risk Assessment: Results of risk analysis are used to make decisions.

23. Safety Base procedure that was designed for minimizing the frequency and consequences of hazardous event and could be adjusted with the target for the activity concerned.

24. Safety Goals Prevent: • Death/injury to workers • Death/injury to the general public • Damage to the facility • Damage to surrounding property • Damage to the environment

25. $1.35BN $1.4BN $1.2BN $950M $1BN $800M $600M $440M $300M $400M $110M $200M $0 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02* Industrial Accident • Many potential dangerous chemical substances (risk) • Death or personal injury • High potential magnitude of the occured explosion • Financial loss occured after disaster accident (loss, damage or destruction of property other than the product itself) • Health-care – continuous exposure to error (impact) * 02 Loss Exceeding $50M include: Gas, plant fire, Kuwait $150M Refinery fire, Japan $ 75M Power station flood, Washington State $ 70M

26. FLIXBOROUGH, UK (1974) CYCLOHEXANE INDUSTRIAL DAMAGES 28 Deaths, 128 Injures, $ 450 Million Lost

27. Hazard Evaluation What is a hazard?

28. Hazard Evaluation • PSIM relates to hazards that can cause “major accidents” (different from BP 8 Golden Safety Rules) • “Process” hazards………LEAKS, FIRES, EXPLOSIONS • “Logistics” hazards……SHIPS, RIGS, VEHICLES AND HELICOPTER COLLISIONS. BIG LIFTS (dropped objects) • “Natural” hazards………EARTHQUAKES, HURRICANES, LIGHTNING, EXTREME LOW TEMPERATURES, FOREST FIRES • “Security” hazards.……TERRORISM, SABOTAGE

29. Process safety disasters: new regulations Phillips Pasadena US 1989. 23 fatalities Flixborough UK 1974 27 fatalities Piper Alpha UK, 1988,167 fatalities

30. Algerian disaster, January 2004

31. Ship and rig collision hazards

32. Earthquake in Japan, Nov 2003

33. Unsafe spacing of storage tanks

34. Hazards of lightning

35. Hurricane damage to BP platform

36. Hazard Evaluation: key concepts • “Major accident” • Hazard identification……..risk assessment • Inherently safer design • “As low as reasonably practicable” (ALARP) • Safety critical equipment (SCE)

37. Hazard barrier diagram

38. Recognizing Hazards

39. What are we trying to avoid? • Barriers put in place between initiating event and accident • Barrier failure/weakness visualized as holes • Accident occurs when all barriers fail... CONSEQUENCE HAZARD TOP EVENT BARRIERS ESCALATION CONTROLS

40. Team exercise: barrier diagram Turn to page 16 in your workbooks

41. TOP EVENT CONSEQUENCE HAZARD BARRIERS ESCALATION CONTROLS Hazard barrier diagram

42. Major accident • Death of two or more people • Long-term or widespread damage to the environment (up to 2 years) • Major costs or loss of revenue (> US$ 10 million) • Adverse headlines in international media: publicized prosecution

43. Major Hazard Risk Matrix

44. Example of MAHA matrix

45. Cassia platform, Trinidad 30” export gas riser beneath accommodation module. No subsea check or block valve. 60km pipeline to shore. Pressure 900psig. Condition of riser in splash zone unclear. Critical inspections and maintenance WOs overdue….HIGH RISK

46. ALARP REGION R I S K Reduced Risk Probability 1 2 3 4 5 EFFORT A HIGH B Consequence MEDIUM C D LOW E ALARP EXPENDITURE

47. Indonesia: major accident scenarios? • Ship collision into manned platform • Fire from gas export riser between topside ESDV and sea surface, manned platform • Rupture of subsea oil pipeline • Lightning strike and fire of condensate tank • Pig launching / receiving leak / fire

48. Which is inherently safer? In your teams find 5 differences between these cans and decide which design is the safer.

49. Which is inherently safer? Carbon steel dry gas line Stainless steel wet gas line

50. Inherent safety design (ISD) concepts