PowerPoint Presentation

1. PowerPointPresentation PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley Park, Illinois 1

2. Chapter 24 Residential Plumbing 2

3. Chapter 24 Overview • Introduction • Water Supply System • In-House Water Treatment Devices • Water and Waste Removal • Plumbing Fixtures • Water Conservation • Private Sewage Disposal System 3

4. Learning Objectives • Discuss the purpose of a residential plumbing system. • Identify the elements contained in a residential water supply system. • Identify the elements of a residential water and waste removal system. (continued) 4

5. Learning Objectives • Explain the operation of various in-house water treatment systems. • Explain the layout of a private sewage disposal system. 5

6. Introduction • The residential plumbing system is often taken for granted, but it is an important part of the house. • Provides an adequate supply of water and removes waste. • There are three principal parts: • Water supply system. • Water and waste removal system. • Plumbing fixtures. 6

7. Water Supply System • The water supply system begins at the city water main or private water source. • The supply pipe that enters the house is known as the building main. • Water treatment devices may be necessary in the building main. • Building main branches after treatment into the cold and hot water mains. (continued) 7

8. Water Supply System • Schematic of a residential water supply system that shows the various components. (continued) 8

9. Water Supply System • The cold water main provides unheated water to the cold water branch lines. • Cold water branch lines are connected to each fixture. • Branch lines are smaller than mains. (continued) 9

10. Water Supply System • The water heater is located in the hot water main. • The hot water main supplies heated water to the hot water branch lines. • The hot water branch lines are connected to each fixture that requires hot water. (continued) 10

11. Water Supply System • The hot water main connects to the top of this electric water heater. (continued) 11 (Marathon Water Heater Company)

12. Water Supply System • Factors affecting the location of pipes: • Freezing in cold climates. • Pipe size: When a large pipe, such as a drain, must pass through a joist, the joist should be blocked to prevent severe weakening of the member. (continued) 12

13. Water Supply System • Blocking a joist to prevent severe weakening of the member. (continued) 13

14. Water Supply System • Pipes used in the water supply system: • Threaded galvanized steel pipe. • Plastic pipe with cemented joints. • Copper tubing with soldered joints. • Pipes underground or in concrete must be special heavy-duty copper tubing with flare-type joints. • Some codes permit plastic pipe for cold water or drain lines. (continued) 14

15. Water Supply System • Galvanized steel, copper, and plastic pipe and fittings are used in residential plumbing systems. (continued) 15

16. Water Supply System • This plumbing installation utilizes copper pipe and fittings for the water supply system and plastic pipe for the drain system. (continued) 16

17. Water Supply System • Copper tubing is widely used for water supply systems. • Rigid copper tubing (type L) and copper fittings are typical for all interior work. • Copper pipe in 1/2", 3/4", 1" and larger are available. • Mains are at least 3/4" and branch lines are at least 1/2" in diameter. (continued) 17

18. Water Supply System • Each main line, branch line, and fixture must have a shutoff valve. • Efficiency may be improved if hot water lines are insulated. • Cold water lines may be insulated to prevent excess condensation. • Air compression chambers reduce pipe noise during use. (continued) 18

19. Water Supply System • A typical air chamber used at each faucet to reduce noise by cushioning the water flow. (continued) 19

20. Water Supply System • An electric on-demand water heater located under the sink provides instant hot water. 20 (A. O. Smith Water Products Company)

21. Water Treatment Devices • Water treatment devices can improve water quality by removing odors, minerals, or other undesirable traits. • There are four main types of in-house water treatment devices: • Reverse osmosis. • Distillation. • Water softeners. • Activated carbon. 21

22. Water Treatment Devices • In a reverse osmosis system, water is forced through a semipermeable membrane. • Purified water is collected in a small storage tank. • Can remove 90% to 99% of impurities. • Not effective for high levels of minerals. • Wastes 3 gallons of water for each one gallon produced. 22

23. Water Treatment Devices • A distillation system heats water to make steam, which is then condensed to produce distilled water. • Removes most dissolved solids, such as salts and heavy metals. • Not effective against volatile organic compounds. • The process is very slow. 23

24. Water Treatment Devices • A water softener forces hard water through a canister filled with a synthetic resin to exchange ions. • Ion exchange dissolves mineral ions and replaces them with soft ions in the resin. • Sodium-based water softeners add a small amount of sodium to the water. 24

25. Water Treatment Devices • In an activated carbon system, water is forced through a canister filled with activated carbon granules. • Granules trap contaminants that can produce bad odors and taste. • Some systems can remove lead. • Can produce 1/3 to 3 gallons of treated water per minute. 25

26. Water and Waste Removal • Used water and other wastes are carried to the sanitary sewer or septic tank through the waste removal system. • These pipes are isolated from the water supply system. • Pipes are larger than supply pipes, sloped, vented, and have provisions for cleanout. 26

27. Water and Waste Removal • Schematic of a residential water and waste removal system. 27

28. Water and Waste Removal • The drainage system is not under pressure and depends on gravity to carry the waste to the sewer. • Drain pipes are usually 4" in diameter, smooth inside, and have few sharp turns. • Cast iron pipes are used extensively, but copper and brass alloy, fiber, and plastic pipes are used as well. 28

29. Water and Waste Removal • A vertical drain pipe that collects waste from one or more fixtures is called a soil stack. • Soil stacks that drain water closets are called main stacks. • Every house must have at least one main stack, which is generally 3" in diameter. • Each bathroom must have a main stack. • Stacks that do not drain water closets are called secondary stacks. • Secondary stacks are 1-1/2" diameter. 29

30. Water and Waste Removal • Fixtures are connected to the stack using a branch main. • All stacks extend into basement or crawl space and empty into the house drain. • All houses must have at least one house drain, but may have several. • The house drain becomes the house sewer once it is outside the house. • The house sewer empties into the city sanitary sewer or private septic system. 30

31. Water and Waste Removal • Gases from the system dissipate through the vent stack—12" above roof. • The vent stack provides an air inlet for the drainage system to operate properly • A trap is installed below each fixture to prevent gases from entering the house • The trap is always filled with water • Water closets have a built-in trap • Each stack requires a cleanout at the base. 31

32. Water and Waste Removal • A water trap blocks the escape of gases from the drain system. 32

33. Water and Waste Removal • The National Plumbing Code requires cleanouts at the base of all stacks and where plumbing makes a sharp bend. 33

34. Water and Waste Removal • A stack wall contains the soil and vent stacks. • A 4" cast iron pipe will not fit inside a standard 2" x 4" stud wall. • The stack wall is a 2" x 6" stud wall. 34

35. Water and Waste Removal • Sump pumps are required in basements to remove groundwater and discharge it into the house drain, storm drain, or outside. 35

36. Plumbing Fixtures • The third part of the residential plumbing system is the fixtures. • A plumbing fixture is any device, such as a bathtub, that requires water. • Fixtures are expensive, so choose them wisely. • The National Code specifies minimum clearance around certain fixtures. 36

37. Plumbing Fixtures • Fixtures such as these bathroom fixtures are the most obvious part of the plumbing system because they are visible. 37 (Photo Courtesy of Kohler Co.)

38. Plumbing Fixtures • Roughing-in specifications for a typical residential bathroom fixture are usually supplied by the manufacturer. 38 (Courtesy of Kohler Co.)

39. Water Conservation • Old-style water closets are gravity powered and use 5 to 6 gallons per flush. • Water closets today have a pressurized tank and use 1.6 gallons per flush. • Flow rate for showerheads, kitchen faucets, and lavatory faucets is 2.5 gallons per minute at 80 psi pressure. 39

40. Water Conservation • This water closet (right) uses a maximum of 1.6 gpf with option of a light flush of 1.1 gpf. 40 (Photo Courtesy of Kohler Co.)

41. Private Sewage Disposal System • Private sewage disposal systems are called septic systems. • Septic systems are used where public sewers are not available. • A septic system has two components: • Septic tank. • Disposal field. • Proper disposal of sewage is important. 41

42. Private Sewage Disposal System • A permit from the health department is required to install a septic system. • A minimum distance from a well is required. • The site must have adequate area and the proper soil. • The minimum lot size is usually one acre. 42

43. Private Sewage Disposal System • Recommended minimum dimensions for placement of a private septic system and water well with respect to the house and property lines. 43

44. Private Sewage Disposal System • In a septic system, sewage from the house sewer enters the septic tank. • The septic tank performs two functions: • Removes about 75% of the solids. • Provides storage space for settled solids. • The septic tank should be watertight. • Tank liquid capacity should be 1-1/2 times the sewage flow over a 24 hour period and no less than 750 gallons. 44

45. Private Sewage Disposal System • Construction of a typical cast concrete septic tank. 45

46. Private Sewage Disposal System • The disposal field receives liquid sewage from the septic tank and allows it to seep into the soil. • Also called the drain field or leach field. • Porous soil is ideal for a disposal field. • Drain lines in the disposal field are nearly level and about 2' below the surface of the ground or below the frost line. • If the field becomes flooded, it will cease to function so water should be diverted away. 46

47. Private Sewage Disposal System • Plan view drawing of a septic tank and disposal field. 47

48. Private Sewage Disposal System • A disposal field may be constructed using perforated tile in individual trenches or in a continuous bed. 48

49. Private Sewage Disposal System • The suitability of the soil for a disposal field must be determined by soil tests. • These tests are known as percolation tests. • They determine how readily the soil absorbs water. See Figure 24-18 in the text. • The rate is determined by filling a test hole with water. 49

50. Private Sewage Disposal System • Field Size Calculation • For a three bedroom home with a percolation rate of 25 minutes per inch. • 3 x 375 square feet (from Figure 24-18) equals 1125 square feet. • 2-1/2 x 1125 square feet equals 2,812 square feet for the disposal field. • This includes space for future expansion and replacement. 50