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Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe: Ivan IV, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great

Explore the struggles of the Russian czars in westernizing their empire, while powerful families battled for control in Central Europe. Discover the reforms of Ivan IV, Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great, as well as the states that emerged in Central Europe. Witness the devastating impacts of the Thirty Years' War and the rise of Austria and Prussia.

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Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe: Ivan IV, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great

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  1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Monarchy of Ivan IV Peter the Great Faces of History: Peter the Great Catherine the Great Map: The Expansion of Russia Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

  2. Preview, continued Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe Map: Central Europe Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of Spain’s Golden Century Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

  3. Austria & Prussia Main Idea The czars of Russia struggled with the westernization of their empire, while powerful families battled for control of Central Europe. • Reading Focus • How did Ivan IV strengthen the Russian monarchy? • What reforms did Peter the Great make in Russia? • How did the rule of Catherine the Great affect Russia? • What states formed in Central Europe in the 1600s and 1700s?

  4. The Age of Absolutism Witness History Audio: War Rages in Germany The Thirty Years’ War Ravages Europe The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars that began with an act of violence by Protestants who were against Catholic rule in Bohemia. This sparked a revolt and, with the establishment of allies on both sides, a widespread European war. It wasn’t always Catholics against Protestants, as some rulers shifted sides to suit their ambitions. After many deaths, the Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the fighting, with France emerging as a winner and the Holy Roman Empire separating into nearly independent states. Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia Color Transparency 98: The Holy Roman Empire Geography Interactive: Europe After the Thirty Years’ War (1648) 1 of 6

  5. Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe • 1500s, 1600s • Central European rulers never became absolute monarchs • Holy Roman Empire headed by single emperor, but did not have total authority • Imperial Power • Holy Roman Empire included dozens of small states • Each had own ruler who fought vigorously against increased imperial power • Hapsburg Family • Since 1450s, all Holy Roman Emperors came from single family—the Hapsburgs • 1600s, Thirty Years’ War began • Continent-Wide Affair • Attempt by Hapsburg emperor to exert authority launched war • Alliances between Hapsburgs, other European monarchs, made war continent-wide affair

  6. The Thirty Years War • Catholics against Protestants • War began as religious dispute • 1618, official representing Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, a Catholic, ordered two Protestant churches in Prague be shut down • Religious Revolt • Local Protestants furious, threw emperor’s representatives out palace windows onto rubbish heap • Emperor’s attempt to control religion sparked revolt throughout region • Rebellion Grew • Nobles from 2 German states rebelled against emperor; nobles from other states soon joined them • Rulers of other countries became involved as well

  7. The Age of Absolutism: Section 4 Color Transparency 98: The Holy Roman Empire 4 of 6

  8. The Age of Absolutism Hapsburg Austria Changes Its Focus The Hapsburgs tried to control the diverse peoples in the empire and settled Austrians in Bohemia and Hungary. They never succeeded in establishing a centralized government, however. Maria Theresa ruled after Charles VI, but she was unable to keep Frederick II of Prussia from seizing Silesia. Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia Note Taking Transparency 118 Hohenzollern Prussia The Hohenzollern family ruled the new Protestant state of Prussia. Frederick William I reduced the power of the nobles by having them work for him. His army was one of the best trained in Europe. 2 of 6

  9. Choosing Sides • Monarchs of Spain, also members of Hapsburg family, joined war on Ferdinand’s side • King of France, Spain’s rival, joined Protestant opposition • Kings of Denmark, Sweden also joined on Protestant side • Treaty and Toleration • War dragged on until 1648, had devastating effects on Germany • Two sides agreed to Treaty of Westphalia to end war • Treaty extended religious toleration to both Catholics, Protestants • Also reduced even more the power of the Holy Roman Emperor • Strengthened rulers of states within it

  10. Pragmatic Sanction Reforms of Ivan IV • 1740, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died without male heir • Before he died, approved document called Pragmatic Sanction, stating empire could be passed to female heir • Charles VI’s daughter Maria Theresa could now take throne • Hohenzollerns had different plan • Frederick II of Prussia, Frederick the Great, seized Silesia • Offered Maria Theresa an alliance Austria and Prussia Among the rulers who gained the most from the Treaty of Westphalia were the leaders of Austria and Prussia. Austria was governed by the Hapsburg family, while Prussia’s rulers came from a rival family, the Hohenzollerns. Frederick promised Maria Theresa to help her husband become the Holy Roman Emperor.

  11. Maria Theresa turned Frederick’s offer down, War of Austrian Succession broke out, 1740 Spain, France, two German states entered war on Prussia’s side Each hoped to gain territory 1748, with so much against her, Maria Theresa asked for peace Prussia kept Silesia, putting Prussia in position of real power Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe

  12. The Age of Absolutism The Rivalry of Great Powers Among the great rivalries in the mid 1700s were those between Prussia and Austria over control of the German states and between Britain and France over the extent of their overseas empires. Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 6

  13. Prussia Rebounds Another War • During first part of war, Prussia on verge of defeat; at one point Austrian, Russian forces occupied capital of Berlin • Russia pulled out, allowing Prussia to regain strength, eventually becoming strongest military power in Europe • 1763, war ended, but rivalry far from over; struggle for control of Central Europe continued • Prussia’s victory only intensified rivalry between Austria and Hungary • Not long until war broke out again • 1756, Seven Years’ War began • On one side Prussia, Great Britain; on the other Austria, France, Russia Continued Rivalry

  14. Recall What were three wars that affected Central Europe? Answer(s): Thirty Years’ War, War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years’ War

  15. The Age of Absolutism: Section 4 Note Taking Transparency 118 5 of 6

  16. The Age of Absolutism: Section 4 Progress Monitoring Transparency 6 of 6

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