Brain Teaser #5

1. Brain Teaser #5 Read each description and determine which Renaissance figure is being described. • I wrote sonnets, poetry and 37 plays • I sponsored Columbus’ voyage to America • I am an Italian genius who excelled in art, science, and engineering • I am a doctor who founded the science of anatomy • I came up with the heliocentric theory, that all the planets revolve around the sun • I was known as the “virgin Queen” because I never wanted to share my power with a man.

2. Corruption in the Medieval Catholic Church • What forms of corruption existed within the Church during the Late Middle Ages? • Popes used excommunication to force monarchs to obey the Church • Many priests were illiterate • Many clergy broke their vows of chastity • Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure • Some clergy: • Charged repentant Christians to see holy remains and objects • Sold church offices to highest bidder (simony) • Sold indulgences

3. Power of the Papacy (Pope) Was Weakened in 2 Ways Babylonian Captivity (1305-1375) Great Schism (1378-1417)

4. Babylonian Captivity Weakened Power of Pope • Philip IV (France) fought with the Pope over his power to tax the clergy • Pope Boniface kidnapped in 1296 and replaced with French pope, Clement V • Seven popes ruled the Church from Avignon, France • Many Christians thought these popes were only puppets of the French king

5. Great SchismWeakened Power of Pope • Papacy moved back to Rome in 1376 • French cardinals elected a new pope, Clement VII • Both Urban VI and Clement VII claimed to be the rightful pope • Many Christians questioned the authority of the Papacy (pope)

6. Early Calls for Church Reform

7. People Speaking Out Against Church Corruption and Teachings • John Wycliffe of England • Thought Christians didn’t need Church or sacraments to achieve salvation • Regarded Bible as most important source of religious authority • Completed first translation of Bible into English • Outcome • Church persecuted his followers, the Lollards, as heretics

8. People Speaking Out Against Church Corruption and Teachings • Jan Huss of Bohemia • Criticized wealth of Church • Wanted religious services conducted in the language of the worshippers • Opposed the sale of indulgences • Outcome • Was burned at stake for refusing to accept importance of Church rituals

9. Catherine of Siena Popularized mysticism Believed people could experience God through intense prayer OUTCOME: maintained that Christians didn’t need priests, rituals or sacraments Giroiamo Savonarola of Florence Launched crusade against immoral society Encouraged book burnings Claimed Vatican was filled with sin and corruption OUTCOME: was burned at stake by angry citizens of Florence Other Calls for Reform

10. Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation • Who was Martin Luther? • Son of a middle-class German parents • Studied law • Became a Catholic monk

11. Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation • Why did Luther question Church practices and teachings? • Troubled by idea that salvation was attainable through good works • Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to salvation was by faith alone • Believed forgiveness for sins could come only from God’s mercy • Angered by Tetzel’s sale of indulgences

12. Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation • How did his criticisms expand into an effort to form a new church? • Wrote 95 Theses to start debate on Church abuses • Published books and pamphlets questioning Church teachings

13. Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation • How did his criticisms expand into an effort to form a new church? • Ideas for reform led to a new church: • Congregations choose their own ministers • Worship of saints and holy days was considered sinful • Mass conducted in German instead of Latin (so people could understand the mass) • Clergy allowed to marry

14. Reformation Spreads Throughout Europe • What other groups separated from the Catholic Church and formed new religions? • Anabaptists • Anglicans • Calvinists

15. Calvinists (1546) • Founded by John Calvin • Believed in predestination (God had predetermined who would obtain salvation) • Thought a disciplined, austere life would prove who had been chosen

16. Why did Protestantism spread beyond Germany? • Political leaders looked for ways to escape power of Catholic Church • People were tired of Church abuses and corruption • Charismatic individuals questioned Church teachings and provided leadership • Rising literacy rate allowed for rapid spread of new ideas

17. Catholic Church’s Response to the Reformation How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

18. Reformed the Church from Within • Pope Paul III • Led Counter Reformation • Called meeting at Trent • Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Defined Catholic beliefs and corrected abuses • Sale of indulgence prohibited • Simony outlawed • Seminaries established to train parish priests • Monasteries and convents cleansed of immoral clergy

19. Church Tried to Stop the Spread of Protestantism • Jesuits (1540) • Disciplined priests won Poland and southern Germany back to Catholic faith • Spread Christianity to Africa, Asia and Americas • Inquisition (1542) • Church court designed to judge and convict heretics • Imprisoned, exiled or executed those with unorthodox views