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General Geology: Minerals

General Geology: Minerals. Instructor: Prof. Dr. Boris Natalin. Topics. Minerals versus rocks Composition of minerals S tructure of minerals M ineral groups C ommon minerals. Natural diamond crystal . A rock A mineral. Rocks is an aggregate of one or more minerals. Minerals.

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General Geology: Minerals

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  1. General Geology: Minerals Instructor: Prof. Dr. Boris Natalin

  2. Topics • Minerals versus rocks • Composition of minerals • Structure of minerals • Mineral groups • Common minerals

  3. Natural diamond crystal • A rock • A mineral

  4. Rocks is an aggregate of one or more minerals

  5. Minerals • 3500 – 4000 minerals are uniquely defined by their chemical composition and internal (atomic structure) • Only 70 minerals are widespread • Rock-forming minerals

  6. Periodic Table of Elements Some minerals are made of one element but the majority is a combination of two or more elements

  7. Composition of minerals • Atom nucleus • Orbiting electrons • Energy levels of electrons

  8. Atomic number and distribution of electrons

  9. Bounding in compounds • Compound – two or more elements bounded together • Bound or chemical bound • Octet rule • Valence electrons

  10. Atomic number and distribution of electrons

  11. Bounding in compounds Ionic bounding Covalent bounding in chlorine (Cl2)

  12. Sodium and chloride in salt

  13. The structure of minerals

  14. Polymorph Diamond Graphite

  15. Identification of minerals • Physical properties: - Crystal forms - Luster - Color - Hardness - Cleavage - Density

  16. Crystal forms

  17. Color and Streak

  18. Luster

  19. Cleavage Muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH2)

  20. Halite Cleavage Calcite Fluorite

  21. Density Gravity Galena

  22. Hardness

  23. Mineral groups • Classification: mineral species – mineral classes (anion complexes e.g. SiO4-, CO2-) – mineral groups (similarity of atomic structure)

  24. Silicate Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron SiO4 (SiO44-)

  25. Atomic sizes and electric charges

  26. Chemical formula • (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 – olivine • Family of minerals : from Mg2SiO4 – to – Fe2SiO4

  27. Silicate minerals • Ferromagnesian silicates • Nonferromagnesian silicates

  28. Ferromagnesian silicate - hornblende

  29. Ferromagnesian silicate – hornblende and pyroxene

  30. Ferromagnesian silicate - Garnet

  31. Nonferromagnesian silicates • Muscovite • Feldspar: Orthoclase Plagioclase • Quartz

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