大学英语语法讲解

1. 大学英语语法讲解

2. 情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法) • must +have +过去分词 （用于肯定句）一定已经……. • The light is still on. They must have forgotten to turn it off when they left the room. • 注:mustn’t have done ×

3. can’t (couldn’t) +have +过去分词 （用于否定或疑问句）不可能…….. • He cannot have been to that town for I saw him just now.

4. should/ought to +have+过去分词 本应该做(却没有做)……. • As his best friend, you should/ought to have helped him. (but in fact, you didn’t.)

5. shouldn’t /ought not to +have +过去分词 本不应该做(却做了)……. • You shouldn’t have parked your car here, for it’s a public place.

6. needn’t +have +过去分词 本不必做…… • You needn’t have waited for me. I told you yesterday I would overwork.

7. with • with + done • With the homework finished, the boy went out. • with + doing • With the old man leading the way, we finally find the house.

8. with + prep • With the light on, all the students went out of theclassroom.

9. 虚拟语气的用法 • 概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示

10. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句 (1) 与过去事实相反 • If…had +done, …would (should, could, might) +have +done • If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.

11. 与现在事实相反 • If + did (be→were)，…would (should, could, might) + do • If he had time, he would attend the meeting. • If I were you, I should study English.

12. 与将来事实相反 • If + did (be—were) / were to / should+ do,…would (should, could, might) + do • If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. • If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

13. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句 • 在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用(should) + do。 • 如: advise, suggest, propose, request, require, insist, demand, order, command, desire • We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. • We insisted that the meeting (should) be cancelled.

14. 注意：suggest 作“暗示，表明”解时，insist 作“坚决认为”解时不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态。 • Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. • Her sun-tanned face suggested that she was in excellent health.

15. 虚拟语气用于主语从句 • It is necessary (important, natural, strange, essential, etc.) that sb (should) +动词原形 • This is a very difficult operation. It is essential that you be prepared for emergency.

16. It is be suggested (desired, ordered, proposed, advised, etc.) that sb (should) + do

17. 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句 • 作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request，wish等名词的表语从句、同位语从句。其谓语动词用(should ) +动词原形 • We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.

18. it is (high) time sb + did • It is(high) timeweleft.

19. 虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中(要是…就好了) • If only I had taken his advice.

20. account for: 解释某事物的原因 • Please account for your rude behavior. • bring up:抚养 • She was brought up by her aunt. • get through:(设法)完成;(使)通过 • There is a lot of work to get through. • She got all her pupils through the test.

21. try to do:设法做某事 • We try to finish the work on time. • endeavor (fml.) to do:设法做某事 • We endeavor to finish the work on time. • succeed (in) doing 成功做某事 • We succeed in finishing the work on time.

22. as a result:结果 • As a result, two people were killed in the accident. • by the way:顺便 • By the way, please give it to Mary. • on the contrary:与此相反 • It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it’s rather beautiful.

23. pick out:挑出 • He picked out the ripe peach. • make out:辨认 • Can you make out what that sign says? • give off:发出(蒸汽,光等) • The food gave off a bad smell.

24. separate:分开 • separate…from • compare:比较 • compare…to/with… • contrast: • contrast (to/with) …对比，相比

25. come up with:提出 • He came up a new idea for increasing sales. • catch up with:赶上 • After a term, she caught up with the other students in her class. • keep up with:跟上 • We should keep up with the pace of the modern society.

26. 定语从句 • 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词when, where, why等。他们在定语从句中担任句子成分。

27. who（代替人）: • I know the man who/that is standing under the tree over there. • whom: • The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room. • Who stands near the river is our school.

28. whose（可代替人和物） • Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? • I live in a room whose windows face south. • which（代替物） • The building which stands near the river is our school.

29. that(可代替人和物) • The letter (that ) I received was from my father. • 注意:在下面几种情况下必须用“that” • 1. 先行词是不定代词：all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything • All that(what) we have to do is to practise every day.

30. 2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。 • The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. • 3.先行词被all, any every, few, little, no, some等修饰。 • I have read all the books (that ) you gave me.

31. when • I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu. • where This is the place where we lived for 5 years. • why • I know the reason why he came late.

32. 限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。

33. 非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能省略，不用that。非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能省略，不用that。 • I have two sisters, who are both students. • 关系代词which ，as可指代前面整句话的内容。 • As we all know, he studies very hard. • [P184第49题]

34. 倒装句 • 英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象叫做倒装。

35. 全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。 • 以 out, in, up, down, away, here, there,等副词开头的句子里。 • Here comes the bus.

36. 部分倒装：把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前 否定副词提前的句型中，否定副词有hardly, not , nowhere, seldom, not only, scarcely, never, little, at no time, in no circumstance. • I shall never do this again. • Never shall I do this again. • 如：[P184第52、53题]、[P206 第48题]、[P230 第47题]

37. relieve:解除或减轻(痛苦、忧虑等) • relate: • relate…to/with…把…和…联系起来 • retain:保持；保留

38. ignore:忽视；忽略 • neglect:忽视；忽略 • refuse:拒绝

39. as for (sb./ sth.):至于 • As for you, you should be ashamed of yourself. • besides:除了 • Besides me, they all went to the Summer Palace. • except:除了 • Except me, they all went to the Summer Palace.

40. sufficient:充足的，充分的 • effective:有效的 • efficient:有能力的，有效率的 • respective:各自的，分别的

41. progress:进步，进展 • proceed:继续前进，继续下去 • promote:推销 • propose:建议，计划

42. 分词做状语 • 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，行为方式，伴随状况等。 • 1. 现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。

43. 主 动 被 动 • 一般式 doing being + done • 完成式 having +done having +been • +done

44. Being a student, I must study hard.(原因) • Having been examined by the doctor, the patient went home.

45. 注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。 • Timepermitting, I will finish another lesson. • [P195 第46、47题]、[P219 第53题]、[P231 第52题]

46. 过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。 • The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. • He lay half dead, with all his fibs broken. • [P172 第49题]

47. represent:代表；描绘，塑造；陈述 • present:将某物赠予或交给某人 • supply:供应 • supply sb. with sth. • Supply sth. to sb.

48. explode:爆炸 • expand:扩大 • expose:暴露 • expose…to…将…暴露于… • explore:开发

49. spread:展开 • display:展示，陈列 • locate:位于，坐落于 • be located in

50. instance:事例 • character:性格；人物 • item:条款，项目 • detail:细节