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This presentation explores the science, economics, and governance of hydro, geothermal, and wind energy sources in relation to climate change. It includes data on global electricity production, renewable energy market share, and capacity, as well as the potential and criticisms of fully exploiting hydroelectricity. It also highlights notable hydroelectric projects such as Itaipú and Three Gorges Dam.
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HONR 229L: Climate Change: Science, Economics, and Governance Hydro, Geo &Wind Your name here 25 October 2017
As always, I suggest working the admission ticket questions into the presentation. You could begin with the AT questions associated with hydroelectricity: Q1: Hydroelectricity is currently the world’s most used renewable energy source for the production of electricity. According to Olah et al. a) what was the percentage share of hydroelectricity for world electricity production in 2005? b) what percentage of the overall potential of world hydroelectricity was being tapped in 2005?
As always, I suggest working the admission ticket questions into the presentation. You could begin with the AT questions associated with hydroelectricity: Q1: Hydroelectricity is currently the world’s most used renewable energy source for the production of electricity. According to Olah et al. a) what was the percentage share of hydroelectricity for world electricity production in 2005? b) what percentage of the overall potential of world hydroelectricity was being tapped in 2005? After this is covered, you are welcome to provide an update about what has happened since 2005, using the next three slides
World Electricity Supply: units of Energy Wind, Solar, Geothermal In 2014, world obtained 40.7% of its electricity from coal and 22.3% from renewables Electricity constitutes ~38% of world energy https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2016/july/renewable-energy-continuing-to-increase-market-share.html
World Electricity Generating Capacity:Power Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass
World Electricity Generating Capacity:Power Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass Source: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/ieo_tables.cfm
If you’d like to work in data for the US and for Md, welcome to use the next two slides (both shown by me on 19 Oct) *or* can, should you have time and desire, pull in other slides you can find on the web. Fine either way: i.e. using, not using, or using an alternate form
U.S. Electricity Supply: 2016 Solar: 0.9% http://www.c2es.org/technology/overview/electricity U.S. obtains ~64% of its electricity from fossil fuels & ~14% from hydro, wind, biomass, and solar
MD Electricity Supply: 2016 Solar: 3.2% https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maryland_Electricity_Generation_Sources_Pie_Chart.svg Maryland obtains ~52% of its electricity from fossil fuels & ~9% from hydro, wind, biomass, and solar
Perhaps cover the next two AT questions. Please email me if you are not confident about the correct answer to Q2: Q2: Based on the numbers given in reply to Question 1, if the world's governments decided to fully exploit the available potential to generate electricity via hydroelectric plants, approximately how much of the world electricity demand could be met?
Perhaps cover the next two AT questions. Please email me if you are not confident about the correct answer to Q2: • Q2: Based on the numbers given in reply to Question 1, if the world's governments decided to fully exploit the available potential to generate electricity via hydroelectric plants, approximately how much of the world electricity demand could be met? • Then: • Q3: What would be some of the criticisms, both socially and environmentally, to a decision by the world’s governments to fully exploit the available potential to generate electricity via hydroelectric plants? • Note: the reading covers this in detail; I suggest starting with material from the reading, perhaps • supplementing with your own brief research.
Typical coal plant: 550 MW Typical nuclear plant: 1000 MW Hydro • Largest Capacities: • Itaipú, Paraná River, South America: 14,000 MW • Built 1975 to 1991 • Volume of iron and steel: enough to build 380 Eiffel Towers • Volume of concrete :15 × that of Channel Tunnel between France and England You are also welcome too make use of this slide, which I grabbed from the other class I teach. If you use, please conduct your own mini-research on both of these projects and please ask the students to guess what percentage of China’s electricity needs are provided by Three Gorges Dam. Of course you’ll need a second slide with the answer. Will be interesting to see if anyone can come close to the correct answer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Dam
Typical coal plant: 550 MW Typical nuclear plant: 1000 MW Hydro • Largest Capacities: • Itaipú, Paraná River, South America: 14,000 MW • Built 1975 to 1991 • Volume of iron and steel: enough to build 380 Eiffel Towers • Volume of concrete :15 × that of Channel Tunnel between France and England • Three Gorges Dam, Yangtze River, China: 22,500 MW • Fully operational in 2012 • Cost: $22.5 billion or 1 million $ / MW • Largest construction project in China since Great Wall • 1 million people displaced • Provides 3.0% of China’s electricity needs • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam Now second https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Dam
Typical coal plant: 550 MW Typical nuclear plant: 1000 MW Hydro • Largest Capacities: • Itaipú, Paraná River, South America: 14,000 MW • Built 1975 to 1991 • Volume of iron and steel: enough to build 380 Eiffel Towers • Volume of concrete :15 × that of Channel Tunnel between France and England • Three Gorges Dam, Yangtze River, China: 22,500 MW • Fully operational in 2012 • Cost: $22.5 billion or 1 million $ / MW • Largest construction project in China since Great Wall • 1 million people displaced • Provides 3.0% of China’s electricity needs • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam Here is some more info you can convey, in your own words: In 2012, the Three Gorges Dam in China took over the #1 spot of the largest hydroelectric dam (in electricity production), replacing the Itaipú hydroelectric power plant in Brazil and Paraguay. Three Gorges Dam has a generating capacity of 22,500 megawatts (MW) compared to 14,000 MW for the Itaipú Dam. But, over a year-long period, both dams generate about the same amount of electricity because seasonal variations in water availability on the Yangtze River in China limit power generation at Three Gorges Dam for a number of months during the year. Now second https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Dam Answer is ~1.7% Originally, they had thought 3%, but demand for electricity has sky rocketed
Hydro The class seemed quite interested in hydro. Should you so choose, you can pull info off of this website http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=hydropower_home-basics-k.cfm (which IMHO is excellent, despite apparently being geared for “kids”) to inform folks about the distribution of hydro in the US
Geothermal I had planned original to ask an AT question about what aspect of Earth’s geology was crucial for the economic viability of obtaining electricity from Geothermal. Of course I was referring to the temperature of accessible water. Might want to being by asking this question, and pulling info from either: http://www.our-energy.com/geothermal_energy.html or http://energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-maps of any other web resource you’d like, to inform students that there are some places better for situating a geothermal electricity plant than other places There are also nice global maps you might want to try to find.
Geothermal Here is the first AT for Geothermal, which might be worth reviewing. The answer to b) is a bit depressing Q4. According to Olah et al., the United States was the leader in terms of electricity production from geothermal energy, producing 18,000 GWh of energy. • Assuming our geothermal plants operated 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 52 weeks a year, what is the power (size) provided by this nation’s geothermal plants? • Assuming the average power (size) of a coal power plant in the United States is that given at http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c01.html#.VjBjCyuOWYc) and that these coal plants run 24/7/52, how many coal power plants are being displaced by this nation’s reliance on geothermal electricity?
Geothermal Here is the other ATs for Geothermal, which might be worth reviewing, since I doubt most of the class realized this form of “renewable” energy also releases CO2 Q5: a) What gas constitutes 90% of the effluent of a geothermal plant? b) What is the ratio of the release of this gas from a geothermal plant compared to the amount generated by a typical fossil fuel power station? c) What can be done about the release of this gas to the atmosphere from geothermal plants? d) Are you surprised to learn about this nuance of geothermal plants?
Geothermal I think you have enough here such that you *do not* need to contrast low earth geothermal for heating/cooing with the generation of electricity via geothermal. But, your call. If you decide not to present on this topic, might want to still spend a *brief* amount of time researching this contrast, just in case the issue arises in discussion
Wind Could lead with the wind related AT: According to Olah et al., electricity from wind is the fastest-growing energy source in the world. a) What is the ratio of installed wind capacity at the end of 2007 compared to 1992, and where has most of this growth occurred? b) According to the reading, what are some of the challenges that must be overcome, if the world is to more fully realize the promising future for electricity generation via wind?
Wind: US Can pull maps that could be shown from: https://kompulsa.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/United-States-Wind-Resource-Map-Obtained-from-NREL.jpg • Might want to emphasize that: • Wind power varies as [Wind Velocity]3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz%27_law • Installation benefits from accurate knowledge of wind fields • Some sites are simply much better than others for wind
Wind: MD Would be great to budget for maybe a 10 min discussion of wind energy for Md, including a summary of the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Act Here are some useful links from which you can pull information. Feel free to use other links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maryland http://www.offshorewindhub.org/states/maryland http://mdcoastdispatch.com/2014/08/21/offshore-wind-farm-lease-areas-auction-for-8-7m http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1048684/us-wind-considering-ge-turbines-for-maryland-project http://renews.biz/104456/haliade-hint-for-maryland-offshore/ http://www.elp.com/articles/2016/10/pjm-to-connect-500-mw-in-maryland-offshore-wind-power.html
This template should allow the 45 mins to be filled with interesting discussion. Fine to stick to the template and also fine to diverge … your call how to use the time and in what direction to take the discussion! Good luck! Figures from Olah to follow … I am including them all even though I doubt all will be used.
