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Understanding the Human Body: From Atoms to Organ Systems

This overview explores the intricate structure and function of the human body, beginning at the atomic level with carbon atoms, the building blocks of life. It describes molecules such as myoglobin, the role of muscle cells, and the organization of tissues and organs like blood vessels. Delving into the circulatory system and the importance of chemical bonds, it also addresses acids, bases, pH levels and homeostasis. Learn how buffers maintain acid-base balance in blood and highlight the dynamic interplay of elements that make up our biological systems.

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Understanding the Human Body: From Atoms to Organ Systems

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  1. Organization • Atom:Carbon • Molecule:Myoglobin (a protein) • Cells:Muscle Cell • Tissues: homogenous layer of cells. One being smooth muscle which is composed of layers of smooth muscle cells. • Organ: Different tissues working together to serve a similar function.Smooth muscle, epithelial and connective tissues…make up blood vessel (an organ) • System; blood vessels along w/ heart -Circulatory System (ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL) • Organism: Cardiovascular System, Respiratory, Skeletal etc.

  2. Atoms are electrically neutral Protons = Electrons Atomic number = number of protons Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

  3. Planetary Models of Elements p+ represents protons, no represents neutrons

  4. Chemically reactive—outer shell not full Chemically inert—full outer shell

  5. Why Do Elements React? • Most elements react because they are highly UNSTABLE due to the fact that their outer electron shell or “valence shell” is not full. • Bonding, either by transference of electrons or sharing results in a full outer shell…and a new compound. • One column of elements ….The NOBLE gases, do not react..are inert , because their valence shells are already full.

  6. Single Covalent Bond • One pair of electrons are shared

  7. Anions and Cations • Anion • atom that gained electrons (net negative charge) • Cation • atom that lost an electron (net positive charge) • Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other

  8. Hydrogen Bonding in Water

  9. Hydrogen Bonds • This is bond between molecules….. OR • Between different parts of one molecule • It occurs between covalently positively charged Hydrogen and negatively charged atom. • Important in many biological molecules ……like DNA!!!

  10. Water • High Specific Heat- Loses and gains heats S-L-O-W-L-Y • High Surface Tension and Cohesion- Water molecules sticking together form a “film” or tension. • Universal Solvent- Dissolves polar or ionic molecules which are the most prevalent kind in living systems.

  11. DNA and its H-Bonds

  12. Acids, Bases and pH • An acid is proton donor (releases H+ ions) • A base is proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions) • pH = the concentration of H+ ions in solution • a pH of less than 7 is acidic solution • a pH of greater than 7 is basic solution • a pH of 7.0 is neutral pH

  13. PURE Water is a neutral molecule; It has as many H+ as 0H- ions. pH = 7 • One unit in pH change = a 10 fold increase either way in H+ ion conc. • If pH goes up - then you have decrease H+ ion conc. Tenfold and you now are more basic (example.. pH 7 to pH 8 has 10x less H+)

  14. 0 7 14 basic alkaline acid pH Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration strongweakstrong

  15. pH Scale

  16. Acids and bases neutralize each other H+ from acids + [OH]- from bases H2O Buffers • prevent abrupt pH changes • act as H+ sponge

  17. An Example of Homeostasis • Nearly all life chemistry occurs around pH 7…slightly over. Blood has pH between 7.3 and 7.5 and must be maintained as such! • When pH falls ACIDOSIS, TOO HIGH ALKALOSIS • BUFFERS: these are what MAINTAIN homeostasis of pH. ….we have buffer systems….Hemoglobin is a buffer.

  18. Bicarbonate is an alkaline and a vital component of the pH buffering system of the body ,maintaining acid-base homeostasis. 70%-75% of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid(H2CO3), which can quickly turn into bicarbonate (HCO3−). What are terms for too acidic? Too Alkaline?

  19. Atoms are electrically neutral Protons = Electrons Atomic number = number of protons Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

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