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the pop quiz paradox. The Tripartite Analysis : S knows that p iff p is true, S believes that p ; and S’s belief that p is justified. The Four-Part Analysis : S knows that p iff p is true, S believes that p; S’s belief that p is justified; and ???.
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The Tripartite Analysis: S knows that p iff • p is true, • S believes that p; and • S’s belief that p is justified.
The Four-Part Analysis: S knows that p iff • p is true, • S believes that p; • S’s belief that p is justified; and • ???
First Proposal: S knows that p iff • p is true, • S believes that p; • S’s belief that p is justified; and • S is certain that p.
Second Proposal: S knows that p iff • p is true, • S believes that p; • S’s belief that p is justified; and • S’s justification does not include any false beliefs.
Second Proposal: S knows that p iff • p is true, • S believes that p; • S’s belief that p is justified; and • S’s justification does not include any false beliefs.
D is a defeater for S’s belief that p iff were S to find out about D, she should no longer believe that p. Third Proposal: S knows that p iff • p is true, • S believes that p; • S’s belief that p is justified; and • There is no defeater for S’s belief that p.
A pop quiz is a quiz such that you (the student) will not know it is going to happen on a particular day until that day comes and the quiz is given.
The Pop Quiz Paradox • I have a justified belief that there will be a pop quiz on Friday. • If (1) and my belief is true, then I (the student) know when the pop quiz will be given in advance. • I can’t know when the pop quiz will be given in advance. • There will not be a pop quiz on Friday.
