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EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE TOPIC 3 2011-2012. celestial object. any object outside or above Earth’s atmosphere. Universe Galaxy Solar System Sun Earth Moon. Examples of celestial objects. Light Year????. Sunlight takes approximately 8 minutes to reach Earth. Speed of light. 3x10 8 m/s.
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celestial object any object outside or above Earth’s atmosphere.
Universe Galaxy Solar System Sun Earth Moon Examples of celestial objects
Light Year???? Sunlight takes approximately 8 minutes to reach Earth Speed of light 3x108 m/s 671 million mile/hr
The symbols below are used to represent different regions of space. Which diagram shows the correct relationship between these four regions? [If one symbol is within another symbol, that means it is part of, or included in, that symbol].
2) Which sequence correctly lists the relative sizes from smallest to largest? (1) our solar system, universe, Milky Way Galaxy (2) our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe (3) Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system, universe (4) Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar system
Universe everything that exists. (all space, all matter, all energy).
Age of Earth is 4.6 bya b.y.a = billion years ago 4,600,000,000 years = 4.6 bya = 4,600 mya
Age of the Universe….. • 10 – 13.7 billion years old. The universe is…. • older and bigger than anything else.
3) What is the inferred age of our solar system, in millions of years? (1) 544 (2) 1300 (3) 4600 (4) 10,000
4) The explosion associated with the Big Bang theory and the formation of the universe is inferred to have occurred how many billion years ago? • less than 1 (2) 2.5 (3) 4.6 (4) over 10
5) Which statement best describes the age of our solar system and the universe? (1) The universe is at least twice as old as our solar system. (2) Our solar system is at least twice as old as the universe. (3) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 5 billion years old. (4) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 10 billion years old.
Big Bang Theory Big Bang Theory - the theory that explains the origin of the universe. all matter and energy started out concentrated in a small area. expansion begins. The earliest atoms form (hydrogen and helium). Matter clumps together to form stars and groups of stars (galaxies). The universe is still expanding in all directions.
Long-wavelength background radiation (microwaves), that appears to be coming for all directions in the universe.
2) Electromagnetic energy emitted from stars. each element emits energy of a particular wavelength. The wavelengths emitted by stars are shifted either toward the blue end (shorter wavelengths) or red end (longer wavelengths) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Each element produces a signature wavelength of electromagnetic energy. hydrogen However, when stars are examined these characteristic wavelengths are shifted.
Blue shift occurs when the wavelengths are shifted towards shorter wavelengths. (Stars are moving towards one another. normal shifted
Red shift occurs when the wavelengths are shifted toward the longer wavelengths. (Stars are moving away from one another). normal shifted
NEW Simplified version ESRT p.14
normal Red shift
This shifting of wavelengths is called the Doppler Effect. Car horn example
Almost all galaxies have a red shift…. therefore, the universe is expanding in all directions.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE…. The Baboon…
6) When viewed from Earth, the light from very distant galaxies shows a red shift. This is evidence that these distant galaxies are (1) revolving around the Sun (2) revolving around the Milky Way (3) moving away from Earth (4) moving toward Earth
7) The diagram below shows the spectral lines for an element. Which diagram best represents the spectral lines of this element when its light is observed coming from a star that is moving away from Earth? A B C D
8) Astronomers viewing light from distant galaxies observe a shift of spectral lines toward the red end of the visible spectrum. This shift provides evidence that (1) orbital velocities of stars are decreasing (2) Earth’s atmosphere is warming (3) the Sun is cooling (4) the universe is expanding
Base your answers to questions 9 through 12 on the table below, which shows eight inferred stages describing the formation of the universe from its beginning to the present time.
9) How soon did protons and neutrons form after the beginning of the universe? (1) 10–43 second (3) 10–6 second (2) 10–32 second (4) 13.7 billion years
10) What is the most appropriate title for this table? (1) The Big Bang Theory (3) The Law of Superposition (2) The Theory of Plate Tectonics (4) The Laws of Planetary Motion
11) According to this table, the average temperature of the universe since stage 3 has • decreased, only (2) increased, only (3) remained the same (4) increased, then decreased
12) Between which two stages did our solar system form? (1) 1 and 3 (3) 6 and 7 (2) 3 and 5 (4) 7 and 8
Base your answers to question 13 on the calendar model shown below of the inferred history of the universe and on your knowledge of Earth science. The 12-month time line begins with the Big Bang on January 1 and continues to the present time, which is represented by midnight on December 31. Several inferred events and the relative times of their occurrence have been placed in the appropriate locations on the time line.
13) State one piece of evidence used by scientists to support the theory that the Big Bang event occurred.
Galaxies. A galaxy is a collection of billions of stars. Our galaxy is spiral shaped. The name for our galaxy is the Milky Way.
Stars. A large ball of gas held together by gravity.
Energy Production In Stars Most of the energy produced in stars results from nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the combination of the nuclei of smaller elements to form the nuclei of larger elements. The sun converts Hydrogen into Helium. Nuclear fusion can only occur in extremely high temperature and high pressure conditions like those found in star interiors.
