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Chemical Discharges to the Sea

Explore the impact of hazardous substances on the marine environment, their fate, and solutions to minimize effects. Learn about the role of shipping and measures to mitigate risks.

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Chemical Discharges to the Sea

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  1. Discharges to the sea Chemicals Name – Date

  2. Discharges to the sea - Chemicals Contents Introduction Hazardous and Noxious Substances Fate and behavior in the environment Judging the effects Role of shipping Solutions 2 Photo credits: WOCB/Green Award Foundation

  3. 1. Introduction • Chemicals are everywhere, naturally or manmade • Chemicals are transported by ship, in bulk and in packaged form Photo credits: WOCB

  4. Top 10 chemicals transported by ships Volumes of chemicals transported are increasing, but remain significantly lower than seaborne trade in oil Illustration credits: ITOPF

  5. Chemicals can be beneficial, but some are created to cause harm • During transport, chemicals may enter the marine environment • Knowledge about emissions and effects limited Photo credits: www.beeldbankVenW.nl, Rijkswaterstaat

  6. 2. Hazardous and Noxious substances Hazardous substances Noxious substances Dangerous substances Harmful substances • Physical hazards (e.g. explosive) • Health hazards • Environmental hazards

  7. 3. Fateandbehaviorin the environment • Evaporators • Floaters • Dissolvers • Sinkers Illustration credits: ITOPF - Photo credits: WOCB

  8. Bioaccumulation can significantly increase the negative effect of a toxic compound. (biomagnification) Illustration credits: ProSea

  9. protein fat fat water BioAccumulationFactor = 7 Bioaccumulation Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

  10. plankton fish marine- mammal Accumulation in marine mammals Excretion Ingestion Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

  11. 4. Judging the effects The effects of a chemical depend on: • the amountspilled • the site of the spillage • the physical properties • the toxicity of the chemical • the sensitivity of organisms / individuals • the bioaccumulation factor • degredation rate (persistence) Photo credits: QNR Terry Ross

  12. Effects • Toxic effects on marine life • Human health effects • Economic effects (fisheries, tourism) Photo credits: Ecomare / NOAA Fisheries

  13. acute chronic Toxicity dose effect time disorder/nausea coma death shorter life span reduced reproduction success cancer

  14. 0% 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 % Low concentration High concentration Measuring acute toxicity - NOEC- Acute Toxicity LC50 Test: fish, shellfish, algae Illustration credits: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ,Cees Booij

  15. TBT: one of the most toxic chemicals ever deliberately released in the marine environment • Acute and chronic toxic effects • Highly persistent • Bioaccumulating Illustration credits: unknown

  16. 5. The role of shipping • Loss of containers • Accidental chemical spills (occur much less than oil spills) • Operational discharges Photo credits: WOCB

  17. 6. Solutions Regulations MARPOL Annex II: Noxious liquid bulk chemicals Annex III:Harmful substances in packaged form • Compound (category, amount, concentration) • Location (water depth, distance from coast) • Ship (speed, year of construction) • Book keeping

  18. A1 Bioaccu-mulation A2 Biodegra- dation B1 Acute Toxicity B2 Chronic Toxicity D3 Health Effects E2 Wildlife, Habitats Category  5 X  4 4 X NR 4 X  4 NR CMRTNI X 4 Y 3 Y 2 Y  4 NR Not 0 Y  1 Y Fp, F, S Y CMRTNI Y Z  2 R 0 0 - not Fp, F, S OS everything not X, Y, or OS Photo credits: ProSea

  19. Technical solutions such as efficient stripping Photo credits: MarFlex BV

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