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Chemicals

Discharges to the sea. Chemicals. Name – Date. Discharges to the sea - Chemicals. Contents Introduction Hazardous and Noxious Substances Fate and behavior in the environment Judging the effects Role of shipping Solutions. 2. Photo credits: WOCB/Green Award Foundation. 1. Introduction.

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Chemicals

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  1. Discharges to the sea Chemicals Name – Date

  2. Discharges to the sea - Chemicals Contents Introduction Hazardous and Noxious Substances Fate and behavior in the environment Judging the effects Role of shipping Solutions 2 Photo credits: WOCB/Green Award Foundation

  3. 1. Introduction • Chemicals are everywhere, naturally or manmade • Chemicals are transported by ship, in bulk and in packaged form Photo credits: WOCB

  4. Top 10 chemicals transported by ships Volumes of chemicals transported are increasing, but remain significantly lower than seaborne trade in oil Illustration credits: ITOPF

  5. Chemicals can be beneficial, but some are created to cause harm • During transport, chemicals may enter the marine environment • Knowledge about emissions and effects limited Photo credits: www.beeldbankVenW.nl, Rijkswaterstaat

  6. 2. Hazardous and Noxious substances Hazardous substances Noxious substances Dangerous substances Harmful substances • Physical hazards (e.g. explosive) • Health hazards • Environmental hazards

  7. 3. Fateandbehaviorin the environment • Evaporators • Floaters • Dissolvers • Sinkers Illustration credits: ITOPF - Photo credits: WOCB

  8. Bioaccumulation can significantly increase the negative effect of a toxic compound. (biomagnification) Illustration credits: ProSea

  9. protein fat fat water BioAccumulationFactor = 7 Bioaccumulation Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

  10. plankton fish marine- mammal Accumulation in marine mammals Excretion Ingestion Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

  11. 4. Judging the effects The effects of a chemical depend on: • the amountspilled • the site of the spillage • the physical properties • the toxicity of the chemical • the sensitivity of organisms / individuals • the bioaccumulation factor • degredation rate (persistence) Photo credits: QNR Terry Ross

  12. Effects • Toxic effects on marine life • Human health effects • Economic effects (fisheries, tourism) Photo credits: Ecomare / NOAA Fisheries

  13. acute chronic Toxicity dose effect time disorder/nausea coma death shorter life span reduced reproduction success cancer

  14. 0% 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 % Low concentration High concentration Measuring acute toxicity - NOEC- Acute Toxicity LC50 Test: fish, shellfish, algae Illustration credits: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ,Cees Booij

  15. TBT: one of the most toxic chemicals ever deliberately released in the marine environment • Acute and chronic toxic effects • Highly persistent • Bioaccumulating Illustration credits: unknown

  16. 5. The role of shipping • Loss of containers • Accidental chemical spills (occur much less than oil spills) • Operational discharges Photo credits: WOCB

  17. 6. Solutions Regulations MARPOL Annex II: Noxious liquid bulk chemicals Annex III:Harmful substances in packaged form • Compound (category, amount, concentration) • Location (water depth, distance from coast) • Ship (speed, year of construction) • Book keeping

  18. A1 Bioaccu-mulation A2 Biodegra- dation B1 Acute Toxicity B2 Chronic Toxicity D3 Health Effects E2 Wildlife, Habitats Category  5 X  4 4 X NR 4 X  4 NR CMRTNI X 4 Y 3 Y 2 Y  4 NR Not 0 Y  1 Y Fp, F, S Y CMRTNI Y Z  2 R 0 0 - not Fp, F, S OS everything not X, Y, or OS Photo credits: ProSea

  19. Technical solutions such as efficient stripping Photo credits: MarFlex BV

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