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O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M

O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M. After Action Reviews (AARs). O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M. The following power point training presentation must be viewed at unit training and/or under the

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O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M

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  1. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M After Action Reviews (AARs)

  2. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M The following power point training presentation must be viewed at unit training and/or under the supervision of an OSRT officer. Members viewing the presentation must sign an OSRT sign in sheet. The completed sign in sheet signed by an officer must be submitted to the OSRT planning (Training) Section to receive credit for the training.

  3. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Course Intent: • To develop a better understanding of the concept, tools, and techniques of facilitating an effective AAR. • To challenge everyone in this room to make the AAR a part of your culture.

  4. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M After-Action Review “We must continue to look critically at our abilities to achieve decisive victory and aim to improve. I believe that one of the single most important innovations of the past 20 years...one of the keys to our edge today...is the After-Action Review. At all levels, the AAR provides us an honest appraisal of our performance and directs our efforts to correct shortcomings.” General Gordon R. Sullivan, CSA ( Ret)

  5. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Unit 1 Objective: Understanding the AAR • Understand the purpose, history, and theory of the AAR process

  6. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Definition • An AAR is a professional discussion of an event, focused on performance standards, that enables soldiers to discover for themselves What happened, Why it happened and How to sustain strengths and improve on weaknesses. • It is a tool leaders and units can use to get maximum benefit from every mission or task.

  7. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Purpose Why use the AAR? • The AAR is a learning tool intended for the evaluation of an incident or project in order to improve performance by sustaining strengths and correcting weaknesses.

  8. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Purpose How is an AAR used? • AARs may be conducted at any organizational level. However, all AARs follow the same general format, involve the exchange of ideas and observations, and focus on improving proficiency.

  9. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Purpose What an AAR is NOT! • Investigation tool • Disciplinary tool • Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

  10. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M History Where did it come from? • A post-Vietnam War resurgence of organizational learning within the U.S. Army led to the modern AAR format • It was institutionalized by the U.S. Army Combat Training Centers as a way to capture lessons from simulated battles and rapidly implement improvements.

  11. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M History How long did it take? • It was a decade before the process was fully accepted and embedded in the culture. • This organizational learning method was proven by the U.S. Army’s performance in the Gulf War.

  12. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M History More background on the AAR • Discussion with Mark Smith, retired Senior Non-commissioned Officer, U.S. Army Special Operations and leadership development consultant with Mission-Centered Solutions.

  13. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Theory What does an AAR look like? It should encourage input from participants focused on: • What was planned? • What actually happened? • Why did it happen? • What can be done the next time?

  14. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M 1. What was planned? • Establishes what was planned at the beginning of the operational period. • Measures whether or not personnel understood what was expected of them at the beginning of the operational period.

  15. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M 2. What actually happened? • Pool multiple perspectives to build a shared picture of what happened. • Identify changes that happened during the assignment that differed from the original briefing. • Measures the effectiveness of briefings and whether changes in assignments were communicated to everyone.

  16. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M 3. Why did it happen? • Draw out explanations of what occurred. • Analysis of cause and effect…focus on WHAT not WHO.

  17. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M 4. What can we do next time? • Improve on WeaknessesIdentify actions or procedures that can be executed more efficiently. • Sustain/Maintain StrengthsIdentify areas where groups are performing well and should sustain.

  18. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Unit 2 Objectives: Facilitation • Understand the key considerations for effective AAR facilitation. • Recognize barriers that may occur while facilitating an AAR and techniques that can be utilized to address those barriers.

  19. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Facilitation Considerations • Timing • Ground Rules • Techniques

  20. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Timing • As a leader, time your AARs so that they can be as effective as possible.

  21. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Timing • Emotion and memory are chemically linked in the brain. • Your brain remembers things when there is an emotional attachment to the experience. • As time goes by, the emotional attachment fades along with specific memory.

  22. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Timing • AARs occurring soon after the action tend to be more detailed, technique-specific, emotional and therefore more effective.

  23. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Timing • Crews and teams that integrate AARs into their daily routine are more successful in keeping the practice alive as stress and time demands increase during a busy fire season.

  24. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Ground Rules 1. Make sure that everyone participates 2. Allow all crewmembers the opportunity to share honest opinions and learn from each other. 3. The AAR focuses on WHAT happened, not WHO did it. 4. Does not grade success or failure.

  25. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Ground Rules 5. Reinforce that it is OK to disagree. Differing points of view and conflicts need to be addressed. (Disagreement is not disrespect) 6. Tact and civility are required… personal attacks are forbidden.

  26. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Ground Rules 7. Go through the event in a logical sequence and compare performance against the task and intent. According to U.S. Army guidelines, roughly 25% of the time should be devoted to the first two questions, 25% to the third question, and 50% to the fourth question.

  27. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Ground Rules 8. The facilitator enters the discussion only when necessary to keep things focused. 9. End on a positive note.

  28. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Techniques • Leading/thought-provoking questions • Have unit members describe what happened in their own words • Explore alternative courses of action • Avoid detailed examination of events not directly related to major training objectives

  29. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Barriers with an AAR • Environmental • Human

  30. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M 1. Environmental Barriers • Fatigue • Stress • Hunger • Time • Slow shift…nothing to talk about

  31. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M 2. Human Factor Barriers • Dominant personalities • Quiet personalities • Conflicting personalities • Disbelief in the process • Denial…unwilling to accept accountability

  32. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Ending on a Positive Note Make it a part of your culture • Unless After Action Reviews are carried out routinely at all levels of the organization, they will never be viewed as more than an interesting diversion. Consistency breeds acceptance.

  33. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M FORMAT TO: FROM: SUBJECT: ACTION- SUPPORT- PROBLEM AREAS- A, B, C, D, E, ETC. OTHER INFORMATION- RECCOMMENDATIONS- A, B, C, D, E, ETC. CONCLUSION-  

  34. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M BOTTOM LINE We are all trainers and the AAR is the primary training tool. Good AARs get results. Focus your AAR on the major issues. Modify your technique based upon the situation and adjust the format to accomplish the mission. Get the unit to admit their shortcomings and work together to develop a solution. Remember, you are providing feedback on the unit’s performance as well as teaching the unit how to conduct their own AARs.

  35. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Any Questions???

  36. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M Reference: MRA 105.1 Para I.3.f.xiv-(K) Source: Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center Training PowerPoint slide program prepared by Headquarters OSRT – 11 February 2014

  37. O H I O S P E C I A L R E S P O N S E T E A M This completes the training on this subject.

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