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U.S. History to Reconstruction

U.S. History to Reconstruction. Unit 1 – Age of Discovery. Native Histories Before Conquest. Roughly 20,000 years ago, Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants Crossed over the land bridge created between Russia and Alaska May have crossed following migration of hunted animals

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U.S. History to Reconstruction

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  1. U.S. History to Reconstruction Unit 1 – Age of Discovery

  2. Native Histories Before Conquest • Roughly 20,000 years ago, Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants • Crossed over the land bridge created between Russia and Alaska • May have crossed following migration of hunted animals • Small hunter-gatherer societies • By c. 12000 BCE, reached tip of South America • Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases • May have been do to geographical isolation • They also did not domesticate animals

  3. Migration routes c. 18000 BCE

  4. Native Histories Before Conquest • Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat • Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species • Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role • Agricultural Revolution (c. 3000 BCE) • Crops included maize, squash, and beans • Shift to permanent villages and large cities • Adena and Hopewell peoples (1000 BCE – 700 CE) • Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys • Large ceremonial mounds • Extensive trade network

  5. Native Histories Before Conquest • Anasazi culture (c. 700-1130) • Based out of Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) • Built impressive pueblo structures • Sophisticated irrigation systems • Well-built roads for transportation • Cahokia (c. 600–1400) • Mississippi River Valley • Large ceremonial mounds • Built over 120 mounds (only 80 still survive) • Far-flung trade network

  6. Monk’s Mound near Collinsville, Ill.

  7. Native Histories Before Conquest • Mayans (c. 2000 BCE – 1500 CE) • Settled in the Yucatán Peninsula and central America • Built vast cities • Large government bureaucracies • Developed astronomy and mathematics • Developed a solar calendar • Incas (c. 1200-1533) • Settled in the Andes Mountains • Created a vast empire with government bureaucracy • Built Machu Picchu (c. 1450) • Terrace-styled agriculture and irrigation

  8. Native Histories Before Conquest • Aztecs (c. 1300-1500) • Warrior culture that settled in the Valley of Mexico • Ruled through fear and force • Created a large, powerful empire • Highly-organized social and political structure • Capital city was Tenochtitlán (modern day Mexico City) and held approximately 250,000 people • Participated in human sacrifice to please their gods • Practiced cannibalism possibly as a way to commune with the gods

  9. Aztec sacrifice and cannibalism • (Florentine Codex, 1570)

  10. Native Histories Before Conquest • Eastern Woodland Cultures • Atlantic coast of North America • Native Americans lived in smaller bands • Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering • Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers • Eastern Confederacies • Formed mainly in response to the invasion of the white man • Huron - Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie • Iroquois - Central New York • Powhattan - Chesapeake

  11. Locations of Major Indian Groups c.1600s

  12. Vikings and the New World • The first European “discoverers” of the New World were the Vikings • Germanic people based in Scandinavia • A warrior class society known for its superior ship building • Known for their explorations throughout the north including Russia to the east • In 860, they began exploring the north Atlantic • Discovered Iceland in 874 • Eric the Red (950 - c. 1003) • Parents were exiled to Iceland on charges of manslaughter • Eric was banished from Iceland for murder in 982 • Decided to travel west to Greenland

  13. Vikings and the New World • A number of Vikings had already been to Greenland • Erik created the first permanent settlement there in 985 • When he returned to Iceland, he encouraged other Vikings to settle this new territory • By 1000, there were approximately 1,000-3,000 Vikings living in Greenland • An epidemic reduced the population dramatically after 1002 • The colony remained viable until the 15th century • Problems with Inuit tribes, pirates, and lost communications with Norway led to its demise

  14. Vikings and the New World • Leif Eriksson (c.970 – c.1020) • Son of Erik the Red • According to the Saga of the Greenlanders, he traveled west of Greenland • Leif had heard the story of Bjarni Hergelfson who had gotten lost while out at sea and discovered land farther west than Greenland • In 1000, he led an expedition to find these lands • Helluland (“Land of the Flat Stones”) • First land he came to in his exploration • Most likely modern day Baffin Island

  15. Vikings and the New World • Markland (“Tree-land”) • The land here was flat, wooded, with white sandy beaches • Because of the shortage of trees in Greenland, Eriksson’s crew cut down many trees to bring the wood back to Greenland • Most likely modern day Labrador • Vinland (“Land of the Grapevines”) • He and his crew spent the winter at L’Anse Aux Meadows in Newfoundland • Archaeologists discovered the remnants of a Viking settlement from the 11th century • Unfortunately, very few Vikings ever returned to North America • This is why the discovery was unknown for so long

  16. Viking expansion routes

  17. European Colonization • Portuguese expansion • During the 15th century, were slowly working their way down the west coast of Africa • Extended their influence and increased their trade routes • Wanted to find an eastern sea route to the Far East to bypass the Muslim controlled near east • Set up colonies along their trade routes • Were able to build profitable trade markets for gold, ivory, and slaves • Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1451-1500) • In 1488, he was the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope

  18. European Colonization • Vasco de Gama (c. 1460-1524) • In 1498, successfully rounded the Cape and landed in India • Now the Portuguese had found their eastern sea route • Spanish expansion • In1469 Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married • This united Spain, launching it into its golden age • First they had to rid their country of the Moors • Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • He was an Genoese sailor • Believed the distance from Europe to Japan sailing west was 3,500 miles • Differed from contemporary estimates of 10,000 to 12,000 miles

  19. Christopher Columbus • (1451-1506)

  20. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • Where did he get the estimates from? • Based on the maps of the 9th century Arab astronomer and engineer Afraganus • Columbus based his calculations using Italian miles (1,238 meters) • Afraganus had used Arabic miles (1,830 meters) • Thus he thought the world was smaller than it actually was • Many of his peers disagreed with his calculations • They felt that no ship could carry enough supplies for the distance • Basically this would be a suicide mission

  21. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • In 1484, Columbus met with King John II of Portugal to get funding for his voyage • This was before de Gama’s trip • Columbus knew that John wanted a sea route to the Far East • He requested three ships and the title of “Great Admiral of the Ocean” • John criticized his calculations and believed the trip would be too costly • He was rejected a second time in 1488 • Columbus also attempted funding from Genoa and Venice • Both refused as well

  22. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • In 1486, he approached Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to fund his trip • They too was refused • Part of it was due to their war with the Moors • Kept him on retainer to prevent him from taking his plans elsewhere • When he asked a second time, he was rejected again • In 1491, Columbus made his last plea to Ferdinand and Isabella • On January 2, 1492, they finally granted him an audience • This was just after the final defeat of the Moors

  23. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • Ferdinand and Isabella were about to reject him a third time • Their treasurer intervened saying that this may be profitable if Columbus succeeded • Ferdinand agreed to partially fund the voyage • Could not afford to fully finance the trip because of the debt incurred from their war with the Moors • Instead they agreed to the following terms: • Columbus would be given the rank of Admiral of the Sea (Atlantic Ocean) • He would be appointed Viceroy and Governor of any newly discovered lands • He would receive 10% of any new wealth discovered

  24. Columbus’ First Voyage (1492-1493)

  25. First Voyage (1492-1493) • First Voyage (1492-1493) • Only had three ships: the Pinto, Niña, and Santa Maria • Also had 120 men for his first voyage • Discovery of San Salvador (October 12, 1492) • Landed in the Bahamas and named it San Salvador • Called the natives “Indians” because he believed he reached the Indies • He spent the next 10 weeks exploring the area • Discovery of Cuba (October 28, 1492) • Landed on October 28 • Thought was mainland China even though his guides told him it was an island

  26. First Voyage (1492-1493) • Discovery of Hispaniola (December 6, 1492) • Landed on the island of Hispaniola • Exploring the coast and set up a fort in the newly created town of La Navidad • The fort there was created with the wood from the Santa Maria when it grounded on a coral reef • Of his men, 39 stayed behind to man the new town • Columbus returned to Spain on March 15, 1493 • He returned with cinnamon, coconuts, parrots, gold, and kidnapped natives for slaves • Columbus was considered a hero and had no problems receiving financing for his next voyage

  27. Columbus’ Second Voyage (1493-1496)

  28. Second Voyage (1493-1496) • Columbus set sail again on September 25, 1493 • This time he had more than 1200 Spaniards in 17 ships • Along with establishing trade routes, the objectives of this voyage included colonization and spreading Christianity • This time he took a more southerly route • Traveled through the Lesser Antilles and to Puerto Rico • On the island of Guadalupe, Columbus learned of the Caniba tribes who supposed ate their enemies • On November 22, 1493, the fleet arrived at La Navidad • When they got their, they discovered the inhabitants had been massacred and the fort burned down • While no one knows what exactly happened, many believed the extreme greed of the inhabitants angered the natives who retaliated

  29. Second Voyage (1493-1496) • Columbus had the new colonists start building a new town 100 km to the east known as Isabella • However, many of these colonists were either ill or balked at doing manual labor • He then explored Hispaniola and Cuba searching for gold • When he did not find sufficient quantities, he took captives as slaves instead • He captured over 1,200 Taino Indians from Hispaniola and put them into forced labor • 550 were crammed into ships to be sent back to Spain, of which only 350 survived

  30. Second Voyage (1493-1496) • Many settlers complained to Spanish authorities about Columbus’ mismanagement of the colony • Part of this had to do with the lack of opportunities • Part of this had to do with him putting his brother Diego in charge of La Navidad while he was exploring, and he was very ineffective • In October 1495, a Spanish official was sent to Hispaniola to investigate the complaints against Columbus • On March 10, 1496, Columbus had to return to Spain to preempt any formal charges against him • He was eventually cleared and was able to prepare for his third voyage

  31. Columbus’ Third Voyage (1498-1500)

  32. Third Voyage (1498-1500) • On May 30, 1498 Columbus set sail once again • Had a smaller fleet of only six ships and traveled further south • His ships became trapped in the Doldrums • Part of the expedition went to help aid the settlement at Hispaniola • Columbus took the other part and sailed further south to continue his explorations • Went on to discover Trinidad and the Orinoco River in Venezuela • This was the first time that Columbus had any hint that this might not be Asia

  33. Third Voyage (1498-1500) • When Columbus returned to Isabella, he found the colony in the midst of rebellion • Many colonists were unhappy that they had not found immediate riches and demanded land and slaves in return • Columbus had to promise each colonist a plot of land and the Indians who lived on it in order to end the rebellion • In 1500, Columbus and his brother were arrested by Spanish authorities • Charged with mismanagement and were once again forced to return to Spain • This time, when Columbus arrived at the royal court, all his titles stripped from him as well as most of his wealth

  34. Columbus’ Fourth Voyage (1502-1504)

  35. Fourth Voyage (1502-1504) • De Gama’s route to India allowed the Portuguese to colonize the region • Reached modern Indonesia and southern China by 1513 • By this point, the Portuguese had also captured African gold trade • With discovery of an eastern sea route to the Far East, the Spanish Monarchs were willing to finance a fourth voyage for Columbus • Columbus was forbidden to return to Hispaniola and was only given four ships and 150 crewmen

  36. Fourth Voyage (1502-1504) • Columbus reached Central America • Trip was plagued by skirmishes with the Indians and severe storms • Two of the ships were destroyed (one ran aground and the other at sea to sea worms) • Wanted to seek refuge in Hispaniola before a hurricane hit but it was too far away to travel • He moved on to Jamaica where the crew beached the two ships • The wood from the ships was used to build a fort to protect the crew from the natives • The crew was stranded on the island for a year • Columbus and his crew were finally rescued in 1504 and he returned to Spain

  37. Voyages of European Exploration

  38. Religious Conflict in Europe • Commercial center of Europe shifted away from the ports of the Mediterranean to Atlantic ports, • In the process it magnified religious conflict • Movement to return the Christian church to the purity of early Christianity • Europe was in the middle of the Reformation • The countries most involved in the reformation were not able to focus as much attention to colonialism as Spain or Portugal • Included England, France, and the Netherlands • Spain and Portugal helped spread Catholicism to the colonies • Dominant religion in the New World during the 16th century

  39. Spanish Conquest of the New World • From 1492 to 1518 only modest attempts were made at settlement • Three decades after 1518 became decades of conquest where the Spanish: • Nearly exterminated native peoples of the Caribbean Islands • Toppled and plundered the great Aztec and Inca empires • Controlled territories 10 times its size • Discovered silver mines • Built an oceanic trade • The Portuguese, on the other hand, focused its attention on an eastern trade route with Asia

  40. Spanish Conquest of the New World • When Columbus had returned to Spain after his first voyage, he wrote to Pope Alexander VI • Inter caetera (May 4, 1493) • Issued by the pope after hearing about the discovery • Drew a north-south line 100 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands giving all lands west to the Spanish • The Portuguese were unhappy as they were not mentioned and thus could not claim any new lands to the east of this line • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Signed between Spain and Portugal • Line of demarcation was moved to 270 leagues farther west • No one knew that this would give Portugal claim to Brazil

  41. Demarcation Lines for Spain and Portugal

  42. Spanish Conquest of the New World • Independent adventurers were commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands • Motivated by religion, nationalist pride, and dreams of personal enrichment • “We came here to serve God and the King, and also to get rich” – Spanish foot soldier • By 1510, Spanish immigration to Caribbean was underway • Over the course of the 16th century, over 250,000 Spaniards came to the New World • Most of those were young men looking for opportunities in the New World • This was followed with the importation of African slaves for sugar plantations

  43. Spanish Conquest of the New World • Encomienda System • Labor system used by the Spaniards in the New World • A person would receive large land grants and a certain number of natives to “educate” • Natives would provide labor or tribute • Major reward for Conquistadors • Became a very corrupt system • Appointed officials answered only to crown • Catholic Church • Protected some Indian rights • Performed mass conversions

  44. Hernán Cortés • (1485-1547)

  45. Spanish Conquest of the New World • Hernán Cortés (1485-1547) • He was a Spanish conquistador • Conquest of Mexico • He left from Cuba in 1519 with the goal of conquering Mexico • Had 11 ships, 550 Spanish soldiers, several hundred native Cubans, some enslaved Africans, and horses • Technically, the trip was illegal since he had been recalled by the Cuban governor • When he arrived on the mainland, he gained the support of local people who had been oppressed by Aztecs • He was also given an interpreter, a Nahuatl woman named Malinche

  46. Spanish Conquest of the New World • Destruction of the Aztects • Done through the combination of by horses, firearms and a smallpox epidemic • Cortés destroyed the Aztec empire within two years • After a four month long siege, he took the capital of Tenotichtitlán • Spanish extended their dominion over the Mayan people • Disease killed off and weakened the native populations even before the Spanish had arrived • More expeditions were launched into Chile, New Granada (Colombia), Argentina, and Bolivia in the 1530s and 1540s • By 1550, most of the major centers of native populations had been overwhelmed by the Spanish

  47. Spanish Conquest of the New World • Francisco Pizarro (c. 1471-1541) • From 1524 to 1532, led three expeditions to Peru • By 1533, he conquered the Incan Empire • This was done with an army of only 168 men • Empire had been riddled by smallpox and weakened by violent internal divisions • Captured Incan capital of Cuzco in 1533

  48. Reconstruction of a Taíno village in Cuba

  49. Impact of the Spanish Conquest • The native populations were forced to endure subjugation, biological disease, and major ecological changes • By the late 15th century, it is estimated that the population of the New World had been between 50 and 70 million • Spanish used military force to subdue the native populations • In many cases, they were turned into slaves who were forced to work in these colonies

  50. Impact of the Spanish Conquest • Native Americans lacked immunity that the Europeans had to most diseases • When the Spanish arrived in the Caribbean, they brought along such diseases as smallpox and typhus • This triggered smallpox epidemics in the 16th century throughout the Americas • In the Caribbean, only 1,000 of the original 3 million Taínos survived the 1518 outbreak • Half of the 15 million inhabitants in central Mexico died within 15 years of contact • In Valley of Mexico, the heart of Aztec empire, the population of 1.5 - 3 million before Spanish arrival, was reduced to 70,000 by 1600

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