Orgainic/inorganic pg. 14 sg

1. Orgainic/inorganic pg. 14 sg • Some cpds which contain carbon are inorganic. Examples include carbon dioxide, carbonates, and hydrogen carbonates. All cpds which contain no carbon are inorganic Three types of organic cpds are found in living things, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

2. Structure

3. Carbon atoms can share electrons -notable being other carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. • The simplest organic molecules are defined as being comprised of only carbon and hydrogen = hydrocarbons

4. Hydrocarbons are non-polar, hydrophobic compounds. (water hating) • Compounds that have no charges on them will not mix with polar water.

5. Hydrophilic comes from the Latin roots "hydro" (water) and "philia" (love). • Compounds are polar, and so dissolve easily in the polar solvent water.

6. Structural formulas of some simple hydrocarbons. • Methane CH4:

7. Hydrocarbons • A simple chain of carbons with its full complement of hydrogens is said to be saturated. • known as alkanes. • name ends with 'ane'.

8. Hydrocarbons with double bonds in them are said to be unsaturated. • contain at least one double bond. • Alkenes

9. Branching chains • Sometimes two hydrocarbon molecules can have the same numbers of the same atoms but have different arrangements of these atoms. We say they are isomers.

10. Role of hydrocarbons in fats • A fat molecule consists of a small, non hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails. The tails can be broken down to provide energy. Mammalian adipose cells stockpile fat.

11. Functional Groups Parts of the molecules of life. • Part of your homework tonight is to go to this web site: Building Biomolecules: The Functional Groups • Review each of the functional groups and do the self quiz.

12. Functional groups

13. Adenosine triphosphate or ATP

15. Phosphate groups • In biology this is an important group found in ATP.

16. Structurally, ATP consists of the adeninenucleotide (ribose sugar, adenine base, and phosphate group, PO4-2) plus two other phosphate groups.

17. Exergonic / Endergonic Reactions • Energy releasing processes, ones that "generate" energy, are termed exergonic reactions. • Reactions that require energy to initiate the reaction are known as endergonic reactions

18. ATP = The primary energy transferring molecule in cells

19. Macromolecules – page 15sg • Monomers make polymers. Polymers are long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

20. Condensation Reaction • Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule, also known as condensation reaction (also called dehydration synthesis . • Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis

21. Hydrolysis • Means - to break with water. Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules, a hydrogen from the water attaching to one monomer and a hydroxyl group attaching to the adjacent monomer. This occurs in the digestive tract. Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis • Biology I Interactive Animations (go to biochemistry section)

22. Carbohydrates – fuel and building molecules pg 15 sg • Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula CH2O • The simplest CHO are monosaccarides. • Disaccharides are double sugars (formed by dehydration synthesis) • Polysaccharides are made of many sugars

23. Monosaccharides • Glucose is the most common monosaccharide and is vital to life • Three common sugars share the same molecular formula: C6H12O6. Because of their six carbon atoms, each is a hexose.

24. Name 2 monosaccharides p 15 sg • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose • Ribose

25. Glucose has the trademarks of a sugar pg 14 sg • A hydroxyl group is attached to each carbon except one, here you find a double bond to oxygen • Used as major nrg source for cells • (2.2.8)

26. Glucose comes in different shapes • Linear and ring forms

27. Draw the ring structures of glucose and ribose pg 14 sg • Ribose ( 5 carbons) • Glucose (6 carbons)

28. Most names for sugars end in “ose” • In aqueous solutions, glucose molecules as well as most other sugars, form rings.

29. Disaccharide • Consists of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed during dehydration reactions Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis (go to carbohydrate synthesis)

30. Common Disaccharides (name two disaccharides) pg 15 sg

31. Storage Polysaccharides • Starch is a common PolySac of plants. Consisting of glucose molecules

32. Glycogen another storage molecule • Stored mainly in liver and muscle, hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose

33. Storage of starch in plants • Plants store starch as granules within cellular structures called plastids inside the chloroplasts

34. Another structural poly sac is cellulose sg 15 • Found in plant cell walls- structural support

35. Due to the distinctive structures of starch and cellulose, cellulose is indigestible to humans . • While cellulose is not a nutrient for humans it remains as an important fiber.

36. Yet another structural poly sac • Chitin: used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans to form exoskeleton, also found in cell wall of fungi)

37. Tutorial 3.2 Macromolecules ( ann go to animations, then cho )

38. Lipids- Diverse hydrophobic molecules pg 15 sg • Fat molecules are made up of four parts: • a molecule of glycerol (on the right) and • three molecules of fatty acids.

39. Structure of Fatty Acid • Has a long carbon chain, at one end is a carboxyl group. Attached to this is a long hydrocarbon tail. The non polar C-H bond in the tails make them hydrophobic

40. The glycerol and fatty acid join • One molecule of water is removed for each fatty acid joined to the glycerol. • This results in a ester linkage.

41. Saturated Fatty Acid • Contain the maximum possible amount of hydrogens, thus saturated fats. The hydrocarbon chains in these fatty acids are, fairly straight and can pack closely together, making these fats solid at room temperature.

42. Unsaturated Fatty Acid • some of the carbons share double bonds, they’re not bonded to as many hydrogens as they could if they weren’t double. Therefore these oils are called unsaturated fats. They remain liquid

43. Look at the difference

44. Function of fats pag 15 sg • energy storage molecules Fats possess more energy per molecule and less hydration compared with carbohydrates, resulting in fats possessing much more energy stored per unit mass or volume fats have 9cal/gram CHO and proteins have 4 cal/gram • Stored as fats in animals and oils in plants • In animals such as ourselves, fats are stored in adipose cells • Buoyancy – lipids are less dense than water allowing animals to float

45. Phospholipids • Major component of cell membranes • Structure: Phospholipids are made from glycerol, two fatty acids, and (in place of the third fatty acid) a phosphate group • The hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids are hydrophobic • the phosphate group end of the molecule is hydrophilic because of the oxygens with all of their pairs of unshared electrons. • This means that phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil.

46. Phospholipids have the special property of having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts • A molecule that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic is called amphipathic.

47. Structure of phospholipids

48. Function of Phospholipids • Found in cell membranes. Act as barrier . • When phospholipids are added to water they self assemble, with hydrophobic parts inward and hydrophilic parts outward. • http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/orient2.swf

49. Another group of lipids are Steroids • A lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. One common steroid is cholesterol. • Many hormones are steroids, including sex hormones

50. Tutorial 3.2 Macromolecules ( ann go to animations then to lipids)