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室性心律失常的危险分层 与 SCD 风险评价

室性心律失常的危险分层 与 SCD 风险评价. 南京医科大学第一附属医院 江苏心血管病临床医学中心 曹克将. 根据 临床表现分类 血流动力学稳定 无症状 症状轻微 心悸 血流动力学不稳定 晕厥先兆 晕厥 SCD 心脏骤停. 根据 心电图分类 非持续性 VT 单形性 多形性 持续性 VT 单形性 多形性 BBRT 双向性 VT 和 TdP 心室扑动和颤动. 室性心律失常的分类 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Guideline. 根据 基础疾病分类 慢性冠状动脉疾病性心脏病 心力衰竭 先天性心脏病 神经症 非器质性心脏病

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室性心律失常的危险分层 与 SCD 风险评价

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  1. 室性心律失常的危险分层与SCD风险评价 南京医科大学第一附属医院 江苏心血管病临床医学中心 曹克将

  2. 根据临床表现分类 血流动力学稳定 无症状 症状轻微 心悸 血流动力学不稳定 晕厥先兆 晕厥 SCD 心脏骤停 根据心电图分类 非持续性VT 单形性 多形性 持续性VT 单形性 多形性 BBRT 双向性VT和TdP 心室扑动和颤动 室性心律失常的分类2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Guideline

  3. 根据基础疾病分类 慢性冠状动脉疾病性心脏病 心力衰竭 先天性心脏病 神经症 非器质性心脏病 婴儿猝死综合征 心肌病 DCM HCM ARVC 室性心律失常的分类2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Guideline

  4. 心脏猝死(SCD)的发病率 • 全球:9,000,000 / 年;平均生还率小于1% • 西欧:300,000 / 年;平均生还率2-3% • 美国:250,000-350,000 / 年 • 中国:心血管疾病致死1,500,000 / 年

  5. 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 5 0 , 0 0 0 0 爱滋病 I S 乳腺癌 肺癌 中风 心脏猝死 心脏猝死是美国主要致死病症一 Source: Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 1998, Hoover’s Business Press, 118th Edition

  6. SCD的统计 • 在美国,所有心脏原因引起的死亡中,SCD大约占63%1 • 在发达国家中,SCD是最常见的死亡原因之一 中国1,500,000? 1MMWR. Vol 51(6) Feb. 15, 2002. 2 Myerberg RJ, Catellanos A. Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death. In: Braunwald E, ed. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th Ed. New York: WB Saunders. 1997: 742-779. 3 Circulation. 2001;104:2158-2163. 4 Vreede-Swagemakers JJ et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1500-1505.

  7. Sudden Cardiac DeathA Major Public Health Problem • 1/2 of all cardiac deaths • 1/7 of all deaths

  8. SCD Survival & Mortality Data • At least 335,000 SCD occurs in the U.S. each year • Only 5 to 10% survive first episode of SCD • Roughly two-thirds of SCD deaths occur out-of-hospital Seidl K, Senges J. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2003;7:5-13. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics — 2005 Update. AHA. www.americanheart.org Crespo EM, Kim J, Selzman KA. Am J Med Sci. 2005;329:238-246. Zheng ZJ, et al. Circulation. 2001;104:2158-2163. Zipes, DP, et al. 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines 5. Circulation. 2006;114;385-484.

  9. Underlying Arrhythmias of Sudden Cardiac Arrest Torsades de Pointes13% Bradycardia17% VT62% Primary VF8% Bayés de Luna A. Am Heart J1989,117:151-159.

  10. Risk Factors for Fatal Arrhythmias 80%Coronary Artery Disease 5% Other* 15%Cardiomyopathy Heikki et al. N Engl J Med 2001,345. * ion-channel abnormalities, valvular or congenital heart disease, other causes.

  11. Treatments of Potential Utility to Reduce SCD Correcting Ischemia • Revascularization • Beta-blocker Preventing Plaque Rupture • Statin • ACE inhibitor • Aspirin Stabilizing Autonomic Balance • Beta-Blocker • ACE inhibitor Improving Pump Function • ACE inhibitor • Beta-Blocker Prevention of Arrhythmias • Beta-Blocker • Amiodarone Terminating Arrhythmias • ICDs • AEDs Blocks Effects of Residual Aldosterone • Aldosterone receptor blockade Zipes DP. Circulation 1998,98:2334-2351. Pitt B. N Engl J Med 2003,348:1309-1321.

  12. 心脏猝死危险因素 • 发生过心脏猝死事件 • 发生过室性心动过速 (VT) • 心肌梗塞后的患者 (MI) • 冠状动脉疾病 (CAD) • 心衰患者 • 肥厚性心肌病 (HCM) • LQT和Brugada综合症等遗传疾病

  13. 心脏猝死幸存者 • 发生过心脏猝死事件是心脏猝死最危险因素 • 一年内,30 - 50%的心脏猝死幸存者仍将发生心脏猝死事件 Myerburg RJ. Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 5th ed, Vol 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co;1997:ch 24. Fogoros RN. Practical Cardiac Diagnosis: Electrophysiologic Testing, 2nd ed. Blackwell Science, pp 172. The AVID Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576-1583. Myerburg RJ. Ann Intern Med.. 1993;119:1187-1197. Demirovic J. Progr Cardiovasc Dis. 1994;37:39-48. Friedlander Y. Circulation. 1998;97:155-160.

  14. 已发生室性心律失常事件的患者 • VT伴晕厥或低射血分数 (LVEF < 40%) 增加心脏猝死的危险性 • 该类患者的心脏猝死的危险性是20-50% Myerburg RJ. Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 5th ed, Vol 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co;1997:ch 24. Fogoros RN. Practical Cardiac Diagnosis: Electrophysiologic Testing, 2nd ed. Blackwell Science, pp 172. The AVID Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576-1583.

  15. 32% MI, LVEF < 40%, NSVT, inducible VT at EPS High Risk of SCA in pts with NSVT MI, LVEF < 30% 21% 20% 18% Mortality % 14% 10% 6% NA Mortality of pts in study of MUSTT1 and MADIT-IIdue to arrhythmias 1 Buxton AE. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1882-1890. 2 Moss AJ. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877-883. 3 Moss AJ. Presented before ACC 51st Annual Scientific Sessions, Late Breaking Clinical Trials, March 19, 2002.

  16. Pts without heart failure Relationship between PVCs and SCD in pts with / without Heart failure (GISSI-2 Trial) Pts with heart failure 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 p log-rank0.002 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 Survival Survival 0.92 0.92 p log-rank 0.0001 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88 A B 0.86 0.86 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Days Days > 10 PVBs/h No PVBs 1-10 PVBs/h Maggioni AP. Circulation. 1993;87:312-322.

  17. 冠状动脉性心脏病 90% SCD 患者尸解提示存在CHD SCD发生前, 50%以上患者具有症状 Futterman LG. Am J Crit Care. 1997;6:472-482. Demirovic J. Progr Cardiovasc Dis. 1994;37:39-48. Moss AJ. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1933-1940. Friedlander Y. Circulation. 1998;97:155-160.

  18. 心肌梗死 75% SCD 者具有心肌梗死病史 心肌梗死病史增加5% 风险在一年内 具有心梗病史,NSVT 导致的VT, 阵发室速及LVEF < 40% 风险为32% Myerburg RJ. Heart Disease, A textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th ed,Vol 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co;1997:ch 24. De Vreede-Swagemakers JJ. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1500-1505. Kannel WB. Circulation. 1975;51:606-613. Shen WK. Mayo Clin Proc. 1991;66:950-962. Bigger JT. Circulation. 1984;69:250-258. Ruberman W. Circulation. 1981;64:297-305. Buxton AE. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1882-1890.

  19. LVEF<40%---预后差 频发,多源PVC --- SCD 独立危险因子 NSVT---SCD独立危险因子, 特别, 在心功能不佳的患者预后更差 Welch PJ, et al. Management of ventricular arrhythmias. JACC 1999 心梗和室性心律失常患者SCD风险

  20. 急性MI后一年总死亡率 P = 0.008 EF<30%的病人心源性死亡的风险是EF>50%的病人的十倍! Rouleau et al. JACC 1996; 27: 1119

  21. AVID: 不同类型心律失常生存率 不明原因晕厥 有症状无晕厥的 VT VF 短暂的可转复的 VT/VF 无症状 VT 有晕厥的VT 1.00 .90 累计生存率 .80 .70 p=0.007 .65 0 1 2 3 Years Adapted from: Anderson JL, et al. Circulation 1999; 99:1692-1699.

  22. 慢性心力衰竭 50% 以上的CHF死于突发心律失常 LVEF下降增加 SCD风险 NYHA II – IV患者晕厥提示预后差 Myerburg RJ. Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th ed, Vol 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1997:ch 24. Middlekauf HR. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21:110-116. Stevenson WE. Circulation. 1993;88:2953-2961.

  23. Rev Esp Cardiol 2004; 57: 768-82

  24. EF值与NSVT的关系 (ATRAMI研究) 无事件生存率 时间(月) La Rovere et al. Circulation. 2001;103:2072

  25. SCD危险性和心力衰竭的严重程度 死亡类型1 NYHA II NYHA III 心力衰竭 心力衰竭 12% 其他 26% 其他 猝死 猝死 59% 24% (N = 103) 64% (N = 103) 15% NYHA IV 心力衰竭 其他 33% 56% 猝死 (N = 27) 11% 在轻度到中度心衰中最常见的死亡模式是SCA Patients with mild to moderate heart failure are more likely to die suddenly. 1 MERIT-HF Study Group. LANCET. 1999;353:2001-2007.

  26. 心衰患者发生室性心律失常的风险 • SCD在LVEF>35%患者的危险分层 • 研究(美国)表明:80%-男性;80%-CAD; 80%- VT/VF; 80%-LVEF↓(>40%↑ vs <30%↓) • 研究表明: • TWA, HRT, Scar on MRI 和Genetics 等预测在危险分层中有价值 • TWA:QRS>0.12s 比QRS<0.12s预测价值大 • 临床特征对危险分层的价值有限 • 需进一步的临床研究

  27. 肥厚性心肌病患者 • 心脏猝死是肥厚性心肌病病人死亡的最普遍原因 • 最新研究表明, 大于50% 的高危病人十年内将发生心脏猝死 • 肥厚性心肌病是35岁以下运动员心脏猝死的最主要原因 Myerburg RJ. Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th ed, Vol 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1997:ch 24. Maron BJ. New Engl J Med. 2000;342:365-373.

  28. 室性心律失常的危险分层(HCM) • 有SCD家族史的儿童和年轻HCM患者,如果反复出现运动性晕厥,则为预示不良 • 有严重症状的年轻患者为高风险患者 • <40岁HCM患者,如有异常血压反应,则易发生SCD • 多数研究表明, 如HCM患者经EPS诱发出室性心律失常,则易发生SCD

  29. Sudden Cardiac Arrest Associated with Early Repolarization • Haissaguerre等最新研究发现,若心电图显示早期复极化改变,易发生心脏性猝死 Haissaguerre M, et al. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2016-23

  30. 室性心律失常的危险分层 • 至今尚无关于室性心律失常危险分层的建议或指南 • 室性心律失常的危险分层决定于: • 临床特征 • 室性心律失常类型 • 心脏疾病 • 心功能状态 • 遗传基因

  31. 室性心律失常的危险分层 • 室性心律失常的LOWN分级 • 0级——无室性早搏 • 1级——偶有单发性室早(1/min或<30/h) • 2级——频发室早(>1/min或>30/h) • 3级——多源性室早 • 4级——A: 成对室早;B: 3个或以上连发室早 • 5级——R-ON-T室早 • LOWN 分级对室性心律失常危险度的分层过多强调了室早本身的情况,忽略了基础病变及心脏情况,导致了临床医生对室早的过度治疗

  32. 室性心律失常的危险分层 • 室性早搏的危险分层 • 正常健康人群:预后良好 • 非缺血性心肌病:早搏和nsVT能增加死亡率 • 心肌肥厚:左室肥厚是猝死的高危因素,Framinhan研究表明,左室肥厚者死亡率是左室正常者的8倍,但高死亡率只与室早部分相关 • 冠心病:早搏和nsVT对冠心病患者预后的影响取决于心律失常在疾病过程中出现的时间,频发室早和nsVT是心脏总死亡率和SCD的独立危险因素,3年累计死亡率分别是33%和15%

  33. 病史和临床特征 LVEF 晚电位 MTWA T波变化 HRT QT离散度 压力反射敏感性 HRV 各种原因猝死幸存者 遗传因素: LQTs / sQTs CPVT Brugada syndrome Scar on MRI 室性心律失常危险分层的评价方法

  34. Noninvasive Risk Stratification for SCD HR Variability NSVT/VT HRT HR Variability LVEF TW alternans TWalternans QRS duration QRS dur SAECG QTdispersion

  35. 体表十二导联心电图 • 建议: I类 • 所有室性心律失常患者均需检查12导联心电图(A) • 标准12导联心电图能提供很多信息:L/SQT, Brugada syndrome, ARVC, Q波及ST段… ACC/AHA/ESC2006 for Guidelines of Management of patients with VA and the prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death

  36. 体表十二导联心电图 • DAS等于2007研究发现,冠心病患者若12导联心电图的QRS波量碎裂改变,则可预示死亡率和心脏事件发生率增加 Das MK, et al. Fragmented QRS on a 12-lead ECG:A predictor of mortality and cardiac events in patient with coronary artery disease. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:1385-1392

  37. 室性心律失常的危险分层(HCM) Risk factor sensitivity specificity PAA NPA Blood pressure 75 66 15 97 NSVT 69 80 22 97 Inducible VT/VF 82 68 17 98 Syncope: overall 29 83 25 86 < 45 yrs 42 82 29 89 FHSD 42 79 28 88 PPA: positive predictive accuracy, FHSD: family history of sudden death NPA: negative predictive accuracy

  38. 室性心律失常的危险分层 • SAECG预测室性心律失常的危险分层 • SAECG用于心肌梗死猝死和室性心律失常的阴性预测值为90, 阳性预测值仅为16-31 • 如果病人伴有心功能不全, 则其敏感性, 特异性和阳性率预测值均会增加 • 如果LVEF<40%、晚电位阳性、Holter 显示有室早和非持续性室速,则室性心律失常发生率高 Welch PJ, et al. Management of ventricular arrhythmias. JACC 1999

  39. MADIT II 对于随机化进入常规治疗组患者进行的多变量Cox模型分析 中,非侵入性的ECG参数对总死亡率的预测值 Late-Breaking Clinical Trials, NASPE 2002

  40. MADIT-II: 常规治疗中危险因素数量与心脏性死亡风险的关系 未校正的P值 心源性死亡率 年 患者的危险因素数量

  41. MTWA in pts with ischemic Heart Didease and LVEF≤ 30% Bloomfield et al. Microvolt T-Wave Alternans and ICD Therapy. Circulation 2004,110:1885-1889

  42. MTWA in pts with ischemic Heart Didease and LVEF 31-40% Kaplan-Meier mortality curves for patients with normal versus abnormal MTWA test results Bloomfield et al. MTWA and ICD Prophylaxis. JACC 2006,47:456-63.

  43. MTWA in pts with ischemic Heart Didease and LVEF≥40% Ikeda et al. T-Wave Alternans in Preserved Cardiac Function. JACC 2006,48:2268-74.

  44. 缺血组 非缺血组 Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 332-337

  45. The REFINE Study (Risk Estimation Following Infarction, Noninvasive Evaluation) Exner et al. Noninvasive Risk Assessment Early Post-MI. JACC 2007,50:2275-84.

  46. 缺血组 非缺血组 日本时域法T波电交替研究 Heart Rhythm 2009, 6:332-337

  47. Finnish Cardiovascular Study P<0.001 P<0.001 P=0.001 Eur Heart J 2007;28:2332-2337.

  48. MTWA vs SAECG vs EPS better predictive value of MTWA

  49. Enhanced Detection of Arrhythmia Vulnerability Using T Wave Alternans, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, and Programmed Ventricular Stimulation A Prospective Study in Subjects with Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease Risk stratification for endpoint events. Kaplan-Meier curves of event-free survival are shown, truncated at 2 years. A: T wave alternans B: Programmed ventricular stimulation. PVS = programmed ventricular

  50. Heart Rate Turbulence as a Predictor of Cardiac Mortality and Arrhythmic Events in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy The association between the presence of HRT and cardiac death/combined events in the study population. (A) Cardiac death, (B) combined events (cardiac death plus sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias).

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