Bones 1

1. Bones 1 Bones

2. Bones 2 • What you will learn about • in this topic: • The names of the main bones • The different types of bones • How bones help when playing sport

3. Bones 3 Learning objectives By the end of this presentation you should be able to: • Understandthe different types of bones • Describe the names of the main bones • Explain how different bones help the sportsperson

4. Bones 4 The bones of the skeleton

5. Bones 5 Bone shapes There are four classifications of shapes of bone: • Short (for example, the carpals in the hand) • Flat (for example, the scapula in the shoulder) • Long (for example, the humerus in the thigh) • Irregular (for example, the patella in the knee)

6. Bones 6 Cheekbone Cranium Jawbone Clavicle Sternum Scapula Humerus Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

7. Bones 7 How bones help the sportsperson Bones have different uses depending on where they are in the body. Some, like the vertebrae, work together and act as a shock absorber.

8. Bones 8 Short bonesare specialists for fine movements, especially those of the hand. For example, when putting spin on a ball in cricket. Carpals

9. Bones 9 Flat bonesare tough and can withstand hard impact. For example, a rugby player’s internal organs are protected by his ribcage during a tackle. Ribcage

10. Bones 10 Long bones create leveragewhen playing sport, helping to generate speed, force and power, for example, when bowling a ball. Femur

11. Bones 11 Irregular bonesprotect. For example, the patella stops hyperextension at the knee and provides movement-based stability. Patella

12. Bones 12 Task 1 Using the illustrations on the next slide, decide for yourself which are long bones, short bones, irregular bones and flat bones.

13. Bones 13 Cheekbone Cranium Jawbone Clavicle Sternum Scapula Humerus Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Key Long Short Irregular Flat (plate) Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

14. Bones 14 The vertebrae are irregular bones. 33 of these bones make up the vertebral column. They are placed in five groups according to where they are along the vertebral column. When players land from a jump it is the vertebrae that help reduce the shock on their feet

15. Bones 15 Cervical vertebrae (7) allow different movements at the top of the spine. The top two vertebrae are called the atlas and the axis.

16. Bones 16 Cervical thoracicvertebrae (12): Ten of these are attached to the ribs and help movement when breathing.

17. Bones 17 Lumbar vertebrae (5) are the most robust as they take a lot of weight. They are large because they are in the area that allows the most movement.

18. Bones 18 Sacrum (5) become fused together in adulthood. They make up part of the pelvic girdle. The vertebrae of the coccyx (4) are all fused together.

19. Bones 19 All the vertebrae fit together neatly to protect the spinal cord, which is the main method of nerve impulse transmission from the brain to the muscles. This is an important job as any damage to the cord can cause paralysis.

20. Bones 20 In between the vertebrae there are cartilage discs. These help stop damage, wear and tear and grinding down of the vertebrae through constant movement.

21. Bones 21 • Task 2 • In pairs or a group of three, write down all the main bones of the body on cue cards. • In your pair or group, put together a labelled skeleton showing the main bones of the body.

22. Bones 22 Task 3 Create a glossary of terms for bones including their name and function.

23. Bones 23 • What you have learnt • in this topic: • The names of the main bones • The different types of bones • How bones help when playing sport

24. Bones 24 Learning objectives You should now be able to: • Understandthe different types of bones • Describe the names of the main bones • Explain how different bones help the sportsperson