Chapter 2:

1. Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life

2. Objectives Students will differentiate between elements and compounds Students will understand which elements make up 96% of the body and the purpose of each element Students will name and give the different qualities of the three subatomic particles Students will demonstrate their understanding of the atom energy levels and the purpose of the octet rule.

3. Objectives Continued Students will be able to list the three types of chemical bonds and explain how they are formed. Students will be able to name and construct a diagram the three types of chemical reactions. Students will be able to compare and contract the organic and organic molecules found in the human body through a group project.

4. Chapter 2 Vocabulary Acid Base Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Carbohydrate Element Biochemistry Matter Isotopes Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Inorganic Compounds Catabolism Anabolism DNA RNA Atomic Number Atomic Weight Organic Compounds

5. Inorganic/Organic MoleculesProject Project Objective: The objective of this project is for each group to successfully teach their specific Inorganic/organic molecule to the class.

6. Requirements 1. Create a 7-10 minute Lecture/Presentation on your organic molecule, which should include a 7-10 slide PowerPoint presentation. Everyone in the group must be a part of the actual lecture presentation. 2. Create a poster about your organic molecule which helps enhance your presentation. 3. Answer required questions about your molecule within the presentation/Lecture

7. Requirements Continued 4. Projects must be completed by Monday September 27, 2010. Presentations will begin Tuesday September 28, 2010. 5. Make sure to save all PowerPoints 1997-2003 format and send it to my school email address nfriday@aldine.k12.tx.us or my home email address mzharmony23@yahoo.com to make sure that it can open. 6. Make sure that you are able to present to the class without reading every word verbatim.

8. Requirements Continued 7. Every group will be judged on 5 categories: Neatness and organization (Flow of presentation), Creativity, Artwork and pictures (poster and pictures in PowerPoint), Factual Information (facts about your molecule and answers to questions), and delivery and presentation (Lecture and PowerPoint). 8. Each group member will be evaluated by the entire group so make sure that everyone does equal work.

10. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Substances can either be classified as elements or compounds Elements: pure, cannot be broken down Compounds: Can be broken down into two or more substances

11. Examples Elements: Hydrogen, Oxygen, etc�.anything that can be found on a periodic table Compounds: Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), etc�Anything that can be broken down into 2 or more elements

12. Major Elements There are 11 major elements in the human body. 4 of these elements make up 96% of the material in the human body. ( Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen) The remaining elements constitute 4% of the material of the human body. (Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium and Calcium)

13. Atoms Smallest particle of an element -Made up of a central core called a nucleus Subatomic Particle Protons have a positive charge and are located inside the nucleus Neutrons have no charge and are also located inside the nucleus Electrons have a negative charge and are located on a cloud going around the outside of the nucleus.

14. Atomic Number and Atomic Weight Atomic number is the number Protons in an atom and can be found on a periodic table Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight is the number of Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus of an atom and can also be found on the periodic table.

16. Bohr Model Model used to show how electrons are arranged around the outside of a nucleus. The electrons are usually seen in energy shells or circles on the outside of the nucleus. Each energy shell can hold a certain number of electrons First shell can only hold two electrons and each shell thereafter can hold 8 or multiples of 8. Octet Rule

18. Chemical Bonds When two atoms come together they form molecules. These molecules can only be formed through different types of chemical bonds Ionic: When an atom must gain or lose an electron to become a molecule Covalent: When two atoms share electrons Hydrogen: weak bonds that form because of unequal charge distribution in a molecule.

19. Chemical Reactions Synthesis: Results in the formation of new bonds and energy is required for the reaction and the product to form. A+B AB

20. Decomposition A Reactions occur when a complex nutrient is broken down in a cell to release energy for other cellular functions. AB A+B

21. Exchange Reactions can breakdown or decompose in exchange for two new compounds AB+CD AD+CB

22. Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic: Contain carbon and Carbon-carbon or Carbon-Hydrogen covalent bonds Inorganic: Usually do not contain carbon and never contain carbon-carbon or carbon-Hydrogen covalent bonds.

23. Inorganic Molecules Water Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Electrolytes

24. Water Cradle of life Properties of water Strong Polarity: attracts to other polar molecules which allows it to be a strong solvent High Specific Agent: can lose or gain large amounts of heat without changing body temperature. High heat of vaporization: when the hydrogen bond break the body can release the energy as sweat to maintain constant body temperature. Cohesions: Hydrogen bonds hold water together which allows water to help protect us from friction and trauma.

25. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen is needed in cellular respiration to complete decomposition reactions which is required for the release of energy from the cells Carbon Dioxide: also used in cellular respiration as a waste product produced during the breakdown of nutrients in the body Helps maintain acid-base balance in the body

26. Electrolytes Acids Bases Salts

27. Acids Release hydrogen ions (H+) when in a solution Proton Donors Taste Sour Litmus paper turns red Example: (HCL+) Hydrochloric acid is used in the stomach to aid in the digestive process by breaking down food.

28. Bases Releases more OH- electrolytes when dissociated in a solution. Litmus paper turns blue when placed in a base solution Proton Acceptor Examples of bases: (HCO3-) Bicarbonate Ion is used for transportation of respiratory gases and elimination of waste products from the body.

29. PH Scale

30. Buffers Buffers minimize the changes of concentrations of(OH-) and (H+) ions in the body Act as a reservoir that gives the body OH- or H+ ions only when needed to maintain a constant PH in the body.

31. Salts Disassociate to form positively and negatively charged ions. If water is removed, Ions will form and crystallize to form salt.

32. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

33. Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen linked to one another. Usually contain sugars and starches Can be broken down into three tyes based on length of carbon chains Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Disaccharides (Double Sugars) Polysaccharides (Complex Sugars) 

34. Proteins Contains 4 elements: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and Nitrogen Can be functional or structural Also have four levels of increasing complexity of organization Primary Secondary Tertiary Quarternary

35. Lipids Are not soluble in water Like carbohydrates they contain Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen but have a lower concentration that in Carbohydrates. Energy source Structural Role Part of cell membrabes

36. Classes of Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids

37. Nucleic Acids Organic compounds composed of a sugar, base and a phosphate group Primary sugars Deoxyribose Ribose

38. Metabolism Sum of all chemical reactions occuring in the body. Catabolism: Anabolism ATP

39. Catabolism Chemical Reactions that break down complex compounds and release energy. End products: Carbon Dioxide, Water and other waste products More than half of the energy is released and then put into storage as ATP and used for cellular respiration

40. Anabolism Chemical reactions that join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules Chemical reaction responsible for anabolism is dehydration sysnthesis

41. ATP Adenosine triphosphate Composed of 3 things Ribose Adenine 3 phosphate subunits ATP is used as an energy source for the body and it is stored until the body needs it.