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2 nd March 2014. Ecologia Footprints…………. Prof. Shashikant Kumar Head, Urban Planning Bhaikaka Centre for Human Settlement APIED, V. V. Nagar, ANAND. Urban Ecological Concerns…. Man has effected the Universe and Earth. 10 Million Years V/s 10000 years (Evolution)
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2nd March 2014 Ecologia Footprints…………. Prof. Shashikant Kumar Head, Urban Planning Bhaikaka Centre for Human Settlement APIED, V. V. Nagar, ANAND Urban Ecological Concerns….
Man has effected the Universe and Earth • 10 Million Years V/s 10000 years (Evolution) • 10000 years v/s 1000 years (Industry/Pop Growth) • 1000 years v/s 100 years (Ind/Pop/Urban) • 100 years v/s 10 years (Pop/Urban) • Next 100 years? (Urban)
Impact of Man…. Forests… • Clearing and burning of Forests..loss of biodiversity, extinction of species, loss of top soil and disturbance in carbon cycle leading to global warming… • Cutting, conversion of forest in hilly area for agriculture, plantation, housing etc lead to land slides and floods..increases siltation and loss of human lifes.
Mountains…. • Helps in.. • Water Cycle: soil and vegetation absorbs water and release in form of small streams – acted as reservoirs…. • Man..Plundered.. Them… • Laid road, forest cleared, rivers dammed, houses on the hills, minerals mines… • Mountain made barren of its resources… • Resultant ecological disasters….e.g. Kedarnath…
Our Oceans… • Why do we call it ‘Earth’? It should be called Ocean….71 % of earth surface… • Single Ocean…we divided for our convineance..Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic. • Highest biodiversity and resource base exceeds that of land!! • Only 5 percent of this ocean is explored by man and mapped in detail.. • Eco Services of Ocean…Regulation of Climate and Rainfall, Cyclic of nutrients, absorption of Carbon Dioxide, waste treatment, etc • Provides, food, medicine, minerals, transportation ways etc to whole world…
Human Destruction of Ocean… • Extraction of oil from ocean= negative impacts..oil spills and accidents –damages the ocean life… • Dumping of hazardous wastes- including nuclear wastes in sea, human wastes etc. • About 77 percent of Marine Pollution Orginates from Land…(thereby the Humans) • Sea is Common Heritage of Man Kind…
Fresh Water Bodies –Lakes and River • Glaciers, Rivers, Streams – Inter and Intra-regional needs to Humans • Lakes and Ponds – Regional and Local Needs, • Civilizations established themselves on most of them.. • Rivers in India and China is under threat due to pressure of Population, Industrialization and Urbanization…. • By damaging the surface water humans have threatened themselves.. • What cost we have to pay then in future?
Biodiversity in Ecosystems • Habitat Stress: Diversity is low in habitats under stress like harsh climate and pollution-Humans added to the problem.. • Threat to diversity in isolated regions – needs protection…they can not reproduce or survive in main stream..ecosystems. • Dominance by any one species are going to destroy the biodiversity of an ecosystem…check our plantation strategies… • Areas with changing natural features like Arctic and Himalayas do not allow species to dominate…
Urbanization • Global • World is no more rural – 50 per cent population now live in urban areas • World population 6.1 billion of which 1.0 billion are poor/slum dwellers, of which 750 million live in urban areas • By 2030 world’s 60 per cent people will live in urban areas
Most towns and cities are growing… Like this! Existing Scenario
Most Important Impact: WATER….Water…water….water Cities are going to dry the hinterland by exploiting the water resources…but doing nothing to harness them…. Not even the rain drop gets collected in most of the cities….by the citizens… Surface water quality …..not portable even to animals.. We polluted most of them…. DO WE HAVE SOLUTION??
Impacts on Land…. • Take of Land for Human Settlements…. • Cities encroach surrounding Lands… including the fertile lands.. • Shortage of Food and More land were brought from Forest to agriculture…. • More land are deprived for its natural resources than earlier… • Sustainable efforts are not affecting the utilization of natural resources… • Population growth serious concern on the future land availability. • Land Use planning not sustainable ….
What do we want for us and future? • Over Half of humanity Lives in Cities…would grow further..so would following desires of people.. • Education • Health • Prosperity • Security • Freedom • Rights • Equality • Happiness
Urban Challenges : US & Europe • 90% of USA & Europe is urbanized –Infrastructure Maintenance • In Britain, agricultural employment by the 1950s was below 10% of the working population. Cities with highest car operating costs due to rough roads per year (National Association of State Highway & Transportation, USA) 2009Los Angeles $746San Jose $732San Francisco - Oakland $705Tulsa $703Honolulu $688San Diego $664Concord, CA $656New York - Newark $638Riverside - San Bernardino, CA $632Oklahoma City $631 ……and so on Road segment : CA, USA
Challenges : US /Europe Cities faces constant challenges from nature and infrastructure maintenance
Challenges: US Cities by Bruce Katz, Urban Policy Adviser, US • The second caution is that cities may not be the right geography for the 21st century. • The relentless decentralization of population and jobs in America has created a “new metropolitan reality.” • People live in one municipality, work in another, go to church, or the doctor’s office or the movies in yet another. • Labour and housing markets are metropolitan-wide. Supplier and distribution networks are metro-wide and beyond. • Cities and suburbs are clearly interdependent; the healthier the city, the healthier the suburbs. • Morning traffic reports describe pileups and traffic jams that stretch across a metropolitan area.
Challenges: US Cities • Opera companies and sports teams pull people from throughout a region. • Air or water pollution affects an entire region, because pollutants, carbon monoxide, and runoff recognize no city or suburban or county boundaries. • Even homeland security is a metropolitan concern since transportation hubs—ports, airports, railways—clearly serve broad areas. • The bottom line: The challenges in metropolitan America cross many issues and policies, departments, and disciplines. • Yet, whereas markets, and more importantly lives, operate in a metropolitan context, government often does not.
Durban: South Africa • Urban Challenge: Africa • Combination of Rich and poor cities with colonial approach to planning. • Cities faces challenge from continues migration into and out side the city • Poverty and lack of governance create challenge for planning.
Urban Challenges : Africa • The concept of persistent circular migration has been increasingly accepted as a means of understanding urban Africa. • This means that cities are not growing on the basis of linear rural to urban migration, big proportions of populations engage in complex patterns of movement between rural and urban spaces. • This phenomenon could explain why, in the 1980s and 1990s, African urban growth has been occurring slowly as was assumed. • For example in Uganda the political disruption in the 1970s led to a huge out-migration. • In the 1980s, as political stability was restored, urban growth picked up again.
Challenges • African Cities: Emerging from the political and Economic Crisis • Migration and investment in city is minimal • UN – MDG is to be achieved… The ‘Water for African Cities’ Programme will place greater emphasis on improving sanitation among the urban poor and enhancing the technical and managerial capacity of local utilities to absorb and manage increased levels of investments in the water and sanitation sector.Source: unhabitat.org
Cities are pushed backwards on their development due to sudden disasters – cities which are prepared to face the disasters would survive the 21st century challenge from the Nature!! Nature INDUCED disasters
Climate Change and Submergence of Coastal Cities (1-7 meter rise in sea water) by 2070-2090 AD
ITALY TAIWAN Cities needs to plan and prepared to face these disasters… Help required from the professionals in Engineering, Public Administration and Safety… Plan, Analyze, Prepare and Mitigate the disasters- Human Knowledge Sharing would be required to save the cities and large settlements from Natures Fury…
HUMAN INDUCED DISASTERS Humans themselves have nurtured disasters in cities emerging due to social and economic conflicts!! Nature has given everything for every Human needs but not for the Greed of Humans!
Urban Areas are prone to attack during the war such as events of World Wars. Nuclear Bombing of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki can be treated as worst human disasters on the city. Terror Attacks in Newyork (2001), Moscow, London, Kabul, Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Hydrabad, Bangalore, Srinagar, etc Riots in Durban, Somalia, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Colombo, Bangkok, Mumbai etc. WARS & CRIME
The Zone of Alienation is the 30 km/19 mi exclusion zone around the site of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster. • Thousands of residents refused to be evacuated from the zone or illegally returned there later. • Over the decades this primarily elderly population has dwindled, falling below 400 in 2009. • Approximately half of these resettlers live in the town of Chernobyl; others are spread in villages across the zone.
There were no cell phones and no computerisedsignalling system… Most trains were stopped outside, except one [and most of the passengers onboard died]. But in the morning, 23 railway employees were found dead…Meanwhile, elsewhere in the city hundreds died in sleep. Others lay dead on streets.... . Throughout the night doctors tried to find ways to treat but there was no medicine for such a deadly chemical… Union Carbide officials said there was no antidote to MICgas…….Kids were dying in the arms of doctors. Those doctors who tried to resuscitate the children, themselves died as they came in contact with the gas. …. The disaster site (DOW Chemicals) at Bhopal 67 acres has nearly 8,000 Metric Tonnes of the most poisonous chemicals' concoction in the world, buried in the ground, that is killing the poor in the adjoining areas (2009) Bhopal Gas Leak in 2 &3rd December 1984
Some Future scenarios… • Transportation, an important cost incurred by residents living in megalopolis (10 Million plus). • Increased Street Regulation would affect more people in informal sector. (walking, sitting, crossing, vending etc) like in New York or Sanfrancisco etc. • Increased Taxation – would paying for local taxes than income taxes. • Disasters of larger magnitude – would call for alternative routes, shelters and infrastructure plans. • Increase Computer Literacy and Internet Penetration to leverage advantage of Technology. (Cities have less than 20% internet penetration 2010)
Summarize : Key Urban Challenges • Housing for All • Infrastructure Works –Physical & Social • Urban Waste Management –Plastic/ewaste-reuse/recycle • Urban Environment – Energy/Pollution/Sustainability • Climate Change – Global, National, State- Local • Transportation Facilities – Access, Mode • Urban Management • Urban Safety & Security
