Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers

1. Chapter 2 Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

2. Chapter 2 Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers • Between 2003 and 2013 African universities were changing, as were their needs. • Donors tended to focus on development of knowledge economies and bonds with the future leaders and entrepreneurs of Africa. • While intentions were similar among governmental institutions, development agencies, and international organizations, a distinct lack of coordination was noticeable. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

3. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers PHEA In 2000 the Partnership for Higher Education in Africa was launched as a joint effort between the Carnegie, Ford, MacArthur, and Rockefeller foundations Together they contributed almost $440 Million in ten years to build capacity and support special initiatives After 2010 they continued on separately, noting several inefficiencies in their collaboration and coordination efforts Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

4. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Grant Statistics • American philanthropies made 13,565 grants to Africa between 2003 and 2013 • 330 US private foundations made grants totaling $3.9 billion in support of African initiatives • Grants focused on agriculture, health, higher education and research. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

5. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Influence of Language Most funding from US foundations went to countries where English is the dominant language. British colonial lines emerge as clear demarcations between Africa’s new knowledge societies Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

6. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Influence of Language South African universities dominate the top of the list, receiving 54% of the total amount of grants US foundations made grants to institutions in current or former Commonwealth countries with rare exceptions. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

7. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Influence of Language Senegal was the only reasonably represented Francophone country. Mozambique was an exception for Lusophone countries. Egypt was the exception for Arabophone countries. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

8. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Influence of Language Commonwealth countries received 93.1% of the total dollar amount of U.S. foundation grants and 89.6% of all grants. A similar trend could be seen between 2000 and 2010 with the PHEA. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

9. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Map of U.S. Foundation Countries of Focus in Africa for Higher Education Development Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

10. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Map of U.S. Foundation Countries of Focus in Africa for Higher Education Development African universities are seen as critical engines for socio-economic development of Africa. One could then view them as parts of geopolitical strategies of donors. Hundreds of millions came on from foundations in the form of grants, the World Bank issued a comparable amount in loans, and hundreds of millions have also come in from USAID, the Swedish International Development Agency (SIPA), and the British Council among others. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

11. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Being Based in the US • With a few exceptions, most foundations do not keep formal offices in Africa but rather operate through networks of representatives. • The following table shows the largest US grantmakers, half of which are located in New York and California. • They are classed as independent foundations, corporate foundations, community foundations, operating foundations, and public charities. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

12. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Top U.S. Grantmakers to African Higher Education Organizations Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

13. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers US Private Foundations • Typically have a single major source of funding, such as a gift from a family or corporation. • The focus is on making grants to other charitable organizations and to individuals, rather than the direct operation of charitable programs. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

14. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Corporate Foundations • Started by a company with a single gift that can become the endowment. • Further contributions come from the company as they desire. • Officers are usually the company owners and key executives. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

15. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Community Foundations • Public charities which issue grants to local charities or charitable community projects. • In general they do not operate their own programs. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

16. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Operating Foundations • May make grants, but main focus is on operating programs of their own. • Public Charities • Important in Africa though not necessarily in higher educational institutions. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

17. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Areas of Focus • Access – scholarship funds and financial aid • Capacity Building – management development, operating support, endowments, buildings and renovation, technology • Branches of Learning – curriculum development, program evaluation, faculty and staff development, research • Dissemination – conferences, publication, exhibitions, advocacy Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

18. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Comparison of Foundation Funding to Higher Education in Africa per Category Fig. 2 Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

19. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Language Bias • 68% of all funding went to three countries (South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria) that are predominantly English-speaking. • The three dominant languages in Africa, English, Arabic and French, correspond to the geopolitical groups of the Commonwealth of Nations, the League of Arab Nations, and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

20. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Comparison of Foundation Funding by Linguistic Group Fig. 3 Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

21. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Grant Allocation by Language Group • 84%, Commonwealth countries received a vast majority of grants authorized between 2003 and 2013. • There are more Francophone countries than any other language block, both by number of countries and total number of speakers, but only received 13% of grants. • In Arab-speaking countries, Egypt was the only recipient of foundation grants, largely due to the presence of the Ford Foundation. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

22. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Fig. 4 Share of Yearly & Foundation Grant Total by Language Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

23. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Influencing the Entire Educational System • When higher education institutions offer instruction in a language, primary, secondary and tertiary schools follow suit. • 90% of higher education institutions receiving grants listed English as the primary medium of instruction, as compared to 4% for French and 3% for Arabic. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

24. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Socio-Economic Influence • Many of these grants went to programs in agriculture, health and development. • Production of knowledge, skills, and innovations relevant to African contexts made universities “engines of development”. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

25. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Grants to Institutions with non-English Mediums of Instruction in Africa Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

26. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Ford Foundation’s Non-English Grants • The Ford Foundation was the top donor for almost every non-English medium of instruction sector. • 35% of Ford’s grants went to these universities and research institutions. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

27. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Barriers to Foundations • At times inhospitable national contexts make it undesirable for grantees to want to invest. • This is made worse when there is a language barrier with the prospective grantee, which alone discourages engagement with some of the institutions that would benefit the most. • Tendency was to stick with English higher education institutions they’d dealt with previously. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

28. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers Results of Biased Funding • Universities in Francophone, Lusophone, and Arabophone countries appear to be less equipped to receive grants from U.S. foundations. • U.S. foundations in Africa reinforced the dominance of English as the lingua franca of the continent’s development. Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont