Download
1 / 72
720 likes | 726 Views
O CLIMA E AS “RAÇAS HUMANAS”. Conceito de raças. Houston S. Chamberlain. Arthur de Gobineau. Germs, guns and steel Jarred Diamond.
E N D
Conceito de raças Houston S. Chamberlain Arthur de Gobineau
Em 2006, a comunidade científica considerou que ninguém poderia, graças ao progresso científico, falar de raças humanas. Com efeito, como disse Albert Jacquard numa declaração assinada por seiscentos cientistas : "O conceito de raça pode ser definido somente dentro de espécies cujos vários grupos foram isolados uns dos outros por um tempo suficientemente longo para que seu patrimônio genético se diferencie. De onde se conclui que, na espécie humana, esta diferenciação é tão pouco pronunciada que o conceito de raças humanas não é operacional. palavra raça não identifica nenhuma realidade biológica reconhecível no DNA de nossa espécie, e que portanto não há nada de inevitável ou genético nas identidades étnicas e culturais, tais como as conhecemos hoje em dia. Sobre isso, a ciência tem ideias bem claras (Dr Barbujani geneticista) No caso deste seminário seria “Clima e Fenotipia humana” o mais título correto.
Are Africans, Europeans, and Asians Different “Races”? A Guided-Inquiry Lab for Introducing Undergraduate Students to Genetic Diversity and Preparing Them to Study Natural Selection Steven T. Kalinowski*,1, Tessa M. Andrews*, Mary J. Leonard†, and Meagan Snodgrass‡ Diane K. O'Dowd, Monitoring Editor + Affiliations Submitted September 22, 2011. Revised March 23, 2012. Accepted March 23, 2012. Abstract Many students do not recognize that individual organisms within populations vary, and this may make it difficult for them to recognize the essential role variation plays in natural selection. Also, many students have weak scientific reasoning skills, and this makes it difficult for them to recognize misconceptions they might have. This paper describes a 2-h laboratory for college students that introduces them to genetic diversity and gives them practice using hypothetico-deductive reasoning. In brief, the lab presents students with DNA sequences from Africans, Europeans, and Asians, and asks students to determine whether people from each continent qualify as distinct “races.” Comparison of the DNA sequences shows that people on each continent are not more similar to one another than to people on other continents, and therefore do not qualify as distinct races. Ninety-four percent of our students reported that the laboratory was interesting, and 79% reported that it was a valuable learning experience. We developed and used a survey to measure the extent to which students recognized variation and its significance within populations and showed that the lab increased student awareness of variation. We also showed that the lab improved the ability of students to construct hypothetico-deductive arguments.
CARACTERÍSTICAS FENOTÍPICAS DEVIDO ÀS ADAPTAÇÕES A CLIMAS DIFERENTES NO PASSADO: NEANDERTAIS VS HOMEM MODERNO E O HOMEM DE DENISOV
HOMEM IDEAL VS REAL: EQUAÇÃO DE BALANÇO DE ENERGIA as Si + aL Li - L + M - lE - q - G = 0
Dimorfismo sexual Diferenças de adaptação: 1- Caçador coletor e a equação de balanço de energia 2- tamanho e força 2- Gordura corporal 15% vs 20% 3- Taxas metabólicas 4- diferenças de uso do cérebro
MUDANÇAS CLIMATICAS EE A EVOLUÇÃO “RACIAL” • O VULCÃO TOBA
EXPLOSÃO DO TOBA 70.000 ANOS
COMPARAÇÃO GENÉTICA ENTRE AS SUB-RAÇAS
Outline of Human Racial Classification: • I. Capoid or Khoisanid Subspecies of southern Africa • A. Khoid (Hottentot) race • B. Sanid (Bushmen) race • II. Congoid Subspecies of sub-Saharan Africa • A. Central African race • 1. Palaecongoid subrace (the Congo river basin: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Angola) • 2. Sudanid subrace (western Africa: Niger, Mali, Senegal, Guinea) • 3. Nilotid subrace (southern Sudan; the ancient Nubians were of this subrace) • 4. Kafrid or Bantid subrace (east and south Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Natal) • B. Bambutid race (African Pygmies) • C. Aethiopid race (Ethiopia, Somalia; hybridized with Caucasoids)
III. Caucasoid or Europid Subspecies A. Mediterranid race 1. West Mediterranean or Iberid subrace (Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinia, and coastal areas of Morocco and Tunisia; the Atlanto-Mediterranean peoples who expanded over much of the Atlantic coastal regions of Europe during the Mesolithic period were a branch of this subrace) 2. East Mediterranean or Pontid subrace (Black Sea coast of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria; Aegean coasts of Greece and Turkey) 3. Dinaricized Mediterraneans (Residual mixed types resulting from the blending of Mediterranids with Dinarics, Alpines or Armenids; not a unified type, has much regional variation; predominant element [over 60%] in Sicily and southern Italy, principal element in Turkey [35%], important element in western Syria, Lebanon and central Italy, common in northern Italy. The ancient Cappadocian Mediterranean subrace of Anatolia was dinaricized during the Bronze Age [second millennium B.C.] and is a major contributor to this type in modern Turkey.) 4. South Mediterranean or Saharid subrace (predominant in Algeria and Libya, important in Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt) 5. Orientalid or Arabid subrace (predominant in Arabia, major element from Egypt to Syria, primary in northern Sudan, important in Iraq, predominant element among the Oriental Jews)
B. Dinaric race (predominant in western Balkans [Dinaric Mountains] and northern Italy, important in the Czech Republic, eastern and southern Switzerland, western Austria and eastern Ukraine) C. Alpine race (predominant element in Luxembourg, primary in Bavaria and Bohemia, important in France, Hungary, eastern and southern Switzerland) D. Ladogan race (named after Lake Ladoga; indigenous to Russia; includes Lappish subrace of arctic Europe) E. Nordish or Northern European race(various subraces in the British Isles, Scandinavia, the Netherlands and Belgium; predominant element in Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Finland and the Baltic States; majority in Austria and Russia; minority in France, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary; outlined in detail in The Nordish Race) F. Armenid race (predominant element in Armenia, common in Syria, Lebanon and northern Iraq, primary element among the Ashkenazic Jews) G. Turanid race (partially hybridized with Mongoloids; predominant element in Kazakhstan.; common in Hungary and Turkey) H. Irano-Afghan race (predominant in Iran and Afghanistan, primary element in Iraq, common [25%] in Turkey) I. Indic or Nordindid race (Pakistan and northern India) J. Dravidic race (India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka [Ceylon]; ancient stabilized Indic-Veddoid [Australoid] blend)
IV.Australoid Subspecies • A. Veddoid race (remnant Australoid population in central and southern India) • B. Negritos (remnants in Malaysia and the Philippines) • C. Melanesian race (New Guinea, Papua, Solomon Islands) • D. Australian-Tasmanian race (Australian Aborigines) • V.Mongoloid Subspecies • A. Northeast Asian race (various subraces in China, Manchuria, Korea and Japan) • B. Southeast Asian race (various subraces in Indochina, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, some partly hybridized with Australoids) • C. Micronesian-Polynesian race (hybridized with Australoids) • D. Ainuid race (remnants of aboriginal population in northern Japan) • E. Tungid race (Mongolia and Siberia, Eskimos) • F. Amerindian race (American Indians; various subraces)
TÍPICOS EUROPEUS UTILIZADOS EM CLASSIFICAÇÃO SUB-RACIAL
PRINCIPAIS SUBTIPOS • CAUCASÓIDES (~49%) • - NÓRDICOS • - ALPINOS • - ESLAVOS • - DINÁRICOS • - MEDITERRANEOS • - SEMITAS • - HINDUS • NEGRÓIDES OU AFRICANOS (~11%) • - SUDANES • - BANTU • ORIENTAIS (~39%) • - NORTE ORIENTAIS • - SÍNIDOS • - SUL-ORIENTAIS • - AMERINDIOS
The Nordish race (1998) numbers about 530 million people, constituting about 21% of the Caucasoid subspecies and about 8.8% of the world's total human population. But due to the drastic decline in its birthrate since 1970, to less than half the world average (to about 1.8 births per woman, or 15% below the replacement level of 2.1 per woman), only about 4.4% of the world's children and new births are Nordish. Of the 530 million Northern Europeans, about 260 million are central and 270 million periphery types. Approximately 345 million are in Europe (135 million central and 210 million periphery types) and 185 million outside Europe (125 million central and 60 million periphery types) in the new Nordish homelands of the United States (142 million), Canada (21 million), Australia (15 million), New Zealand (2.8 million) and South Africa (4.5 million NÓRDICOS
MEDITERRANEOS (brasileiros)
