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Chapter 2 Controversies Over Federal Aid To Education. GILED 703 History of American Education Keith M. Gorse. Chapter 2 Controversies Over Federal Aid To Education. Week # 1 FACTUAL BASE REPORT. Introduction.
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Chapter 2Controversies Over Federal Aid To Education GILED 703 History of American Education Keith M. Gorse
Chapter 2Controversies Over Federal Aid To Education Week # 1 FACTUAL BASE REPORT
Introduction After World War II the condition of elementary and secondary education showed: - serious shortages for a growing school-age cohort. - existing facilities in need of renovation. - an undersupply of trained teachers. - too many academically under-qualified teachers. - a need to update all curriculum - gross inequities in educational quality between white and black, and urban and rural schools.
Federal Aid Controversy1945 - 1955 Conflicts over federal aid to elementary and secondary education occurred in a context shaped by: History Race Politics Religion
Lanham Act of 1941 Provided federal aid for land and school construction in federally impacted areas. Many areas were near military bases.
Serviceman’s Readjustment ActThe GI Bill of 1944 Provided education and training for returning veterans of World War II
Federal Aid: Limited ResourcesPost World War II - inadequate funding for building schools - no money to spend on hiring school teachers - lack of funding for school supplies and books - no effort in re-structuring school curriculum - no effort to help parochial and racially segregated schools
Racially Segregated Schools Public schooling in the Southern states ranked at the bottom of the then forty-eight states in total expenditure. Schools in the South had deficits in facilities, expenditures, and the number of qualified teachers with degrees. Most desperate schools were those attended by African-American children.
Racially Segregated Schools African-American leadership came way of organizations such as: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Urban League of America
Brown Case of 1954 Battle won over the struggle of racial segregation in schools
Aid To Parochial Schools There was tension between public and private schools in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s over federal assistance. The private schools were primarily Roman Catholic or parochial schools.
Aid To Parochial Schools? Organizations with only public school interest and worked at blocking any type of federal aid to parochial schools: - American Education Association (NEA) - Organization of Parents and Teachers (OPT) - American Federation of Teachers (AFT) - National Organization of School Boards
President Harry Truman 1948 “Fair Deal” Program for Education Federal Aid for the improvement of elementary, secondary, and higher education programs in the U.S.
Shifting Coalitions American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Labor organizations that supported federal aid and did not want to get into church & state issues
Shifting Coalitions National Catholic Welfare Conference (NCWC) Both public and private schools were vital to the welfare of the country “double taxation” “child benefit theory”
Taft-Thomas Bill of 1948Federal Aid to Education $300 million annually in federal assistance Money would go to each state individually State would determine where the money would go . Public vs. non-public. Equal distribution between black and white schools Bill passed Senate but was held up in the House.
Supreme Court Cases 1947 Everson vs. Board of Education of Ewing Township, NJ. Public funds for church related schools and transportation Supreme Court ruled against Everson and for the church.
Supreme Court Cases 1948 McCollum vs Board of Education Court ruled that an Illinois law permitting released time for religious instruction in public schools during regular school hours was unconstitutional.
Religious Controversies Paul Blanshard American Freedom and Catholic Power Attacked the Roman Catholic church as antidemocratic and authoritarian.
The Barden Bill of 1949 Graham A. Barden Southern Congressman Former Teacher Federal aid to public schools only. Enraged Northern liberals, African Americans, and Catholics.
New York World Telegram Article Article called “My Day” written by Eleanor Roosevelt in July of 1949. Not wanting public education connected with religious control of schools. Cardinal Spellman of New York was critical of Mrs. Roosevelt and her remarks. Calling her misinformed and ignorant to the facts.
Conclusion Truman continued to endorse federal aid for elementary and secondary education the remainder of his term. Throughout most of the 1950’s federal aid was limited to categorical areas impacted by federal defense and military installations. It took the launching of the Soviet Sputnik to open American eyes on education. In 1958, the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was enacted. It was during Eisenhower’s second term in office.
Progress Report Form # 1The Factual Base List of Ten Brief “Facts” From Chapter 2 1. Federal Aid 2. GI Bill 3. Racially Segregated Schools 4. Parochial Schools 5. Harry Truman 6. Fair Deal 7. Robert Taft 8. Everson Case 9. McCollum Case 10. Barden Bill
Progress Report Form # 1The Factual Base List of the Nine Important Sources Used 1. American Education 1945-2000 A History and Commentary 2. The Truman Administration – A Documented History 3. The Struggle For Federal Aid in America 4. Life Magazine - July, 1949 5. Life Magazine – October, 1948 6. American Freedom and Catholic Power 7. www.educationyahoo.com 8. www.ed.gov 9. www.nytimes.com
Progress Report Form # 1The Factual Base The Three Important Questions To Investigate • Why was the “Fair Deal” really a fair deal for all Americans? • What may have happened with federal aid to education if Truman lost the 1948 election? • Is there still animosity between public and parochial schools in the year 2006?
Controversies Over Federal Aid To Education THE END THANK-YOU
