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High Middle Ages

High Middle Ages. 800-1500 A.D. SOL Standards Essential Questions. How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? What were the key events and effects of the Crusades? What were the effects of the Mongol invasions?

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High Middle Ages

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  1. High Middle Ages 800-1500 A.D.

  2. SOL Standards Essential Questions • How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? • What were the key events and effects of the Crusades? • What were the effects of the Mongol invasions? • What were the effects of the Ottoman invasions of Europe? • How did the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe?

  3. High Middle Ages 800 - 1500 The Age of Faith Between 800 and 1100, churches were built in the Romanesque style. These churches had round arches and tiny windowsset inside thick walls. Beginning in the 1100s, a new style of architecture, Gothic evolved. They were tall cathedrals with large stained- glass windows.

  4. The stained-glass windows illustrated stories from the Bible.

  5. The Crusades Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Pope UrbanIIissued a call for a “holy war”, or commonly referred to as a Crusade.

  6. He stated in his speech that Christians needed to regain the Holy Land, Jerusalem. He guaranteed those that fought in the Crusades were assured a place in heaven. Jerusalem was being attacked by the Seljuk Turks , who were Muslims. The Crusades had two goals: economic and religiousmotives.

  7. First and Second Crusades First Crusade (1097 A.D.)- Crusaders captured Jerusalem. Territory was gained from Edessa to Jerusalem. FourCrusader states were set up. Each ruled by a European noble. Second Crusade (1187 A.D.) - Crusaders lost the Holy City of Jerusalem to the Muslim leader, Saladin.

  8. Third and Fourth Crusades Third Crusade - Once again the Crusaders were defeated by Saladin and his men. Jerusalemremained under Muslim control. Fourth Crusade - Pope Innocent IIIdemanded yet another attack on the Muslims. Instead the Crusaders looted Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empirein need of money to support their cause.

  9. Spanish Crusade The Moors, Muslims, controlled most of Spain until the 1100s. Ferdinand and Isabella, Christian Monarchs, headed up a campaign, The Reconquista, to rid Spain of all Muslims. By the late 1490s, the remaining Muslims converted to Christianity or left Spain. Spain is unified under the monarchs.

  10. Effect of the Crusades Weakened the power of the Popeand Nobles, but strengthened the power of the monarchs. Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East.

  11. Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Weakened the Byzantine Empire Economic Effects of the Crusade Increased demand for Middle Easternproducts. Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets.

  12. Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and MuslimEmpires. Encouraged the use of credit and banking. Letters of credit served to expand the supply of moneyand expedite trade. Churchruled against usury. Usury is the practice of lending money at a high interest rate.

  13. New accountingand bookkeeping practices by using Arabicnumerals. Revival of Learning Muslimswere more advance in many more areas than the Europeans. Crusaders brought back Muslim technology in the areas of ships, navigation, weapons, science and medicines, and mathematics.

  14. European Scholars began writing in the vernacular, everyday language, instead of in Latin.

  15. England and France Develop ENGLAND WilliamtheConqueror, leader of the Normanconquest, united most of England. Normandy is a region in the north of Francethat had been conquered by the Vikings.

  16. William invaded Englandand crowned himself king of England. Prior to his death nearly 200 Norman's held fiefs in England. England’s King, Henry II, a descendant of William owned land both in England and France. He had two major goals: one, gain more territory from France and two, strengthen his power over the nobles and the church.

  17. Common Law had it beginnings during Henry’s reign. Common Law is English Law that was the same for everyone. King John signed the MagnaCarta, which limited the King’s power. The Magna Carta was set up to protect the barons rights as well at the rights to the townspeople and the church.

  18. The Charter contained two basic ideas: 1. Noblesand English citizens had basic rights. 2. Monarchs had to obey the law. FRANCE • Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France.

  19. Capetians ruled France for nearly 300years. Phillip II was one of the most powerful Capetians. He was also known as Philip Augustus. Bubonic Plague The plague began in Asia and spread through most of Asia and the Muslimworld.

  20. By the mid 1300’s it had reached Europe. It first stop was Sicily and followed the trade routes from Italy, to France, Germany, and finally reached England. The disease became known as the BlackDeath.

  21. Impact of the Black Death Population declined. A thirdof the European population was decimated. Labor was hard to come by. People were either dead or to ill to work. Towns were freed from feudalobligations.

  22. The Church’s influence is on the decline. People lost faith when prayers did not help the ill. Many clergy left the area when the plagued infected the towns. Tradeis disrupted. People are fearful or not allowed to trade with other towns.

  23. The Hundred Years’ War The war was fought on Frenchsoil between Englandand France. Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl, guided the French to victory. She was captured by the Englishand burned at the stake. Joan died as a martyr. A martyr is a person who dies for a cause they believe in.

  24. Impact of the Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’ War helped to define Franceand Englandas nations. Brought a feeling of nationalismto both countries.

  25. England experienced a period of internalturmoil. Two noble houses fought for the throne. The end of the war is considered the end of the Middle Ages.

  26. Reflection • England limited the powers of kings and increased the power of the nobility withA. the Codex Justinian.B. the Magna Carta.C. the English Constitution.D. the Civil Constitution. • During the late medieval era, France had all of the following EXCEPTA. a tax on land and salt.B. a professional army.C. a strong legislature.D. strong kings. • The Black Plague first came to Europe throughA. trade.B. exploration.C. the Church.D. the New World. • The Hundred Years’ War was between which countries?A. France and SpainB. Russia and FranceC. England and the Holy Roman EmpireD. England and France

  27. Reflection • The effects of the Crusades are all of the following exceptA. increased trade between Asia and Europe.B. decreased power of the nobility in many countries.C. increased tolerance and respect among religions.D. increased demand for Asian imports. • In Spain, the movement to try heretics in church courts was calledA. the Reconquista.B. the Inquisition.C. the “Spanish” policyD. the Papal Index. • With the help of Ivan the Great, Russia was freed from theA. Mongols.B. Indians.C. French.D. Turks. • Chronologically, which event came last?A. William of Normandy conquered England in the Battle of Hastings.B. The Black Plague struck for the first time.C. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman TurksD. The First Crusade

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