The Most Tough Undesired Components and Pollutants in Water Pipes

2. The Most Tough Undesired Components and Pollutants in Water Pipes 1. Scale and Water Hardness 2. Corrosion and Rust 3. Bacteria and Algae

3. 1. Scale and Hard Water Problems

4. What Is Hard Water? Water with higher content of alkali earth (Ca, Mg), bicarbonates is called hard water.

5. How do you recognize hard water? • Hard water prevents soap from lathering by causing the development of an insoluble precipitate in the water.

6. Origin of ions that cause hardness in natural waters • As ocean water evaporates, it form clouds, which condenses and precipitates rain. • As rain water falls it encounters carbon dioxide and reacts with it to form a mild acid (Carbonic Acid). • CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 • Thus as rain water comes into contact with limestone in the earth, the limestone dissolves and goes into solution with the water. CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca + 2 HCO3 Surface waters also encounter carbon dioxide from the decay of organic materials. As these waters contact limestone, the limestone gradually dissolves and goes into solution.

7. How hard water is formed in nature? When the concentration of calcium and bicarbonate increases due to the intensive reactions of rain water when it falls on carbonate rocks this may cause water hardness.

8. The main problem associated with the use of hard water in the different applications is scale

9. What is Scale? • Scale is a precipitate deposited on surfaces (e.g. inner pipe surfaces) that are in contact with water. • Scale forms rocklike deposits inside and/or on water pipes and equipments.

10. What are the factors that affect the formation of Scale? • The degree of supersaturation • (high saturation index enhances scale formation) • Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 2.Temperature (increase temperature, decreases solubility of CaCO3 and enhances scale formation) 3. PH ( increase PH, decreases solubility of CaCO3 and enhances scale formation) 4. Organic Processes

11. CaCO3 Crystal Forms Orthorhombic Aragonite Hexagonal Calcite • Limescale is only a problem if calcium carbonate precipitates as hexagonal calcite crystals. • Orthorhombic aragonite crystals, which are 19 times more soluble than calcite, are less prone to form hard scale.

12. Very Important to know: Calcite crystal seed needs a surface (the wall of the pipe) to precipitate upon. Aragonite may nucleate in solution and form soluble substance which does not adhere to surfaces

13. CaCO3 Crystal Structures Aragonite Calcite

14. A B Electron microscope photographs for water samples with (A) and without (B) scale Magnification 2000x

15. Scale Problems • It is common that calcium carbonate scale to adhere to the inner wall of the pipes. This causes the following problems in the pipe networks: 1.Reduction in the flow rate. This may require increased pressure to maintain the water flow. 2. Reduction in the efficiency of heat exchangers. 3. Increasing the cost associated with operating systems using water conduits.

16. 2. Corrosion and Rust Problems

17. Corrosion • Corrosion is the result of some bacterial and/or chemical reactions inside pipes. • Rust is a combination of trivalent iron with oxygen i.e. ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Corrosion leads to biting the water pipes. This ends up to great maintenance costs.

18. 3. Bacteriological Problems

19. Bacteriological Problems 1. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) 106H2O 5532S + 5(CH20106(NH3)l6(H3PO4) 106CO2 55S34O42 16NH3 + + + H3 PO4 H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 This kind of bacteria is catastrophic for pipe network via: enhancing scale, poising water and causing pipe biting.

20. 2. Infectious bacteria, algae and viruses • These include pathogenic (disease producing) bacteria, viruses, algae and protozoans (microorganisms). • These organisms constitute a major problem for drinking water potability.

21. Water Treatment

22. What IsWater Treatment? Water treatment is a process of making water suitable for its different applications and uses. • The most tough water treatment processes include: • The removal of scale and water hardness (water softening). • The removal of bacteria, algae and other organic compounds. • The prevention of corrosion of water pipes. These water treatment processes may involve physical, chemical and biological methods.

23. Scale Removal Methods: Advantages & Disadvantages • Mechanical • Labor intensive, • Plant shutdown necessary, • Recurring expenses • Chemical • Flushing out the system with acid, • Corrosive (early renewal of piping), • Bad for environment, • Plant shutdown necessary, • Recurring expenses • Physical • Friendly for the environment, • No corrosion, • No plant shutdown necessary, • One time investment, • Capital equipment last longer

24. Which physical method is the most preferable? • Magnetic • Of restricted use (Not suitable for large pipe sizes) • Needs mechanical filter up stream. • Low effectiveness. • Friendly for environment. • Electrolysis (Static electric field). • Invasive. • Low effectiveness. • Electrodes corrode and will have to be renewed. • Electromagnetic • No filter upstream required • No chemicals needed • No maintenance • Life span over 20 years • No pollution. • No restrictions in pipe size • Removes old carbonate scale layers. • Friendly for environment.

25. Methods of Bacteriological Control Chlorination • This process may be harmfull for man health in many instances. • You may always add some disinfection byproducts (trihalomethanes, like chloroform) Ozonation • Ozone treatment can create undesirable byproducts that can be harmful to health (e.g., formaldehyde and bromate).   Ultra Violet (UV) • UV radiation is not suitable for water with high levels of suspended solids, turbidity or soluble organic matter. 

26. Methods for Corrosion Prevention Anti-corrosion chemicals

27. And Know After we have talk about water problems and the conventional solutions, which themselves may become extra problems What is the new technology we have? And why we believe that it offers the perfect solution for: Scale and water hardness problems Pipes Corrosion and Rust Bacteria and other harmful organisms

28. Descaler The perfect solution for scale removal

29. Descaler It is an electronic equipment that get use of a natural (Physical) phenomenon in solving the most tough problems of hard water, scales, corrosion and bacteria. It is the time of Science. It is the time of technology Just relax and let Descaler works

30. Descaler Reduced maintenance expenses No undesired hard scale in pipework Extended equipment life No more chemicals Bacteriological control Reduced corrosion Improved water texture Prevent decreasing the heat exchange efficiency Easy installation Can be installed on all types of pipes (steel, copper, plastic) Environmental-friendly operation Payback typically 3-12 months

31. How it Works? • The Descaler microprocessor based devise creates a specially designed frequency-modulated time-varying electromagnetic fields through the inductor coil unit, which are wrapped around the supply pipes.

32. The Technology The electromagnetic waves varies in three ways: polarity, frequency and amplitude. • Polarity changes from positive to negative many thousands of times per second. • Frequency varies from 2,000 cycles per second to 7,000 cycles per second. That range of frequencies is wide enough to affect the water and the materials in the water. • Amplitude varies from 0 milliamps to 250 milliamps. This means that the water molecules and the material in the water are being subjected to a wide range of field forces.

33. Electromagnetic waves Pipe Wall Scale Water Bacteria Ions Ca Ca HCO3 Induced Electromagnetic Waves Will Exert an Effect on Five Things Inside The Pipe

34. How Does the Electromagnetic Fields Affect Ions? • The alternating or switching directions of the Electromagnetic Multi-Frequency Fields uniquely created by the Digital Descaler rotates the ionized calcium and bicarbonate molecules toward alignment with the changing field.

35. This ActionPrevents the Formation of New Scale? • This rotation for alignment agitates the molecules and breaks the bonds between the molecules and bonded water molecules. • The oppositely-charged ions (i.e. Ca2+, HCO3-) will then be forced to move in opposite directions, thereby producing collisions. • This may result in the formation of microscopic nuclei that cause the calcium carbonate to precipitate within the water (in the form of aragonite), instead of on the surfaces of pipes, as hard insoluble calcite and thus prevents the formation of new scale.

36. When the Ca and HCO3 ions are freed in solution why they combine to form aragonite and not calcite? The answer is: Only aragonite polymorph can be formed at this higher energy level

37. Electromagnetic Descaler Effectiveness Descaling effectiveness can be easily verified by a simple experiment: Descaler Treatment • Water with hardness of 300 – 400 ppm, PH=9, TDS=1500 ppm approximately are placed in two containers. • In each container, a small pump is used to circulate the water through a transparent hose. • The water in both containers is then heated to 70 degree C to promote the growth of hard scale. • In one of the containers, the transparent hose is passed through theDescaler unit for treatment. The other act as a control with no treatment. • After 2-3 hours, it can be seen that the hose transporting water treated by theDescaler remains very clear without any scale deposit. • The hose of the control has significant quantity of hard scale deposited along the hose wall.

38. What you will notice? Descaler

39. How Old Scale Is Removed? • When the calcium and bicarbonate ions are removed from water in the form of inert aragonite: • The water loses some of its alkalinity and becomes undersaturated with calcite. • This makes the water capable to attack the old scale surrounding the pipe wall and dissolve it. Before treatment 1 month after 3 month after

40. How Does the Electromagnetic Fields Affect Corrosion Inside Pipes? • The induced stream of electrons transform trivalent iron into divalent iron. • Rust particles are dislodged and flushed out until a protective film of saturated ferrous oxide is formed inside the pipe.

41. How does Electromagnetic Fields Affect Bacteria? • Alternating and pulsed electromagnetic fields have been shown to inhibit bacterial growth. • Moreover, it is evident that scale is an optimum substrate where Bacteria (e.g. sulfate reducing bacteria) live. • Removing of scale using Descalerwill provide an environment not suitable for bacteria, algae to live.

42. How Electromagnetic Fields Affect Water Molecules?

43. Water Molecular Structure H2O molecules link up to each other because of the dipole nature of the individual H2O molecules. electromagnetic fields may affect the bonding strength There is a trade-off between the covalent and hydrogen bond strengths; the stronger is the H····O hydrogen bond, the weaker the O-H covalent bond, and the shorter the O····O distance. Covalent bond H The breakage of bonds may be due to the more energetic states created by the electromagnetic fields O O H H Hydrogen bond

44. WHAT IS "WETTER WATER" • "Wetter Water" is the result of reduced covalent hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules. • The surface tension will be reduced and separated water clusters may be formed.

45. What is the effect of wetter water? • It ismore reactive • Enables soap and detergent to break up into smaller groupings and interface with the smaller H2O groupings.

46. Descaling Effect • Existing hard scale in pipelines/equipment surfaces will disintegrate after weeks or months of treatment with the Descaler. • Saving in energy consumption and regulating heat exchange due to scale prevention and removal. • Cleaner system resulting in lower bacteria level. • No corrosive pipes anymore.

47. Applications

48. Cooling Towers • Enhanced Bacteriological Control • Reduced Scaling • Enhanced Heat Transfer

49. COOLING TOWER WATER CONDITIONING Evaporation cooling tower Dissolved deposits removed from the cooling tower within 4 weeks • In Europe this physical treatment technique is today installed in more than 3500 cooling towers. • It takes only 3 to 6 months to dissolve 2 tons of solid impurities from the coiller in a cooling tower after the installation of the chemical free Descaler physical water treatment • No expensive chemical additives, • no environmentally pollution and • pay back time is in general less than 7-8 months! • Further the reduced water surface tension increases dispersion of the water drops. Thus, a better heat exchange and cooling effect.

50. Boilers • No more Fouling • Bacteriological Assistance • Reduced Scaling • Enhanced Cleaning • Reduction in Chemical Usage