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The Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Blood Pressure

The Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Blood Pressure. By: Bethany Howes, Melinda Mollenkopf, and Dawn Simon. Purpose. Unique topic Having a healthy blood pressure is important Increasing incidence of hypertension Promote awareness of how a vegetarian diet effects blood pressure.

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The Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Blood Pressure

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  1. The Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Blood Pressure By: Bethany Howes, Melinda Mollenkopf, and Dawn Simon

  2. Purpose • Unique topic • Having a healthy blood pressure is important • Increasing incidence of hypertension • Promote awareness of how a vegetarian diet effects blood pressure

  3. Search Strategy • Databases used: EBSCO, The Archives of Internal Medicine, The Cambridge Journal Database, OhioLink, and PubMed Central • Google Scholar • Key words/phrases: “vegetarian diet and blood pressure,” “vegetarian diet and effects on blood pressure,” “vegetarians and hypertension,” and “hypertension vegetarian diets”

  4. Search Criteria Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria • Articles written in English • Articles written between the years of 2000 to 2009 • Articles pertaining to vegetarian diet or meat consumption effects on blood pressure • Words: “or”, “while”, and “using” • Articles containing: diets that didn’t effect blood pressure, systematic reviews, and written prior to the year 2000 • Articles that didn’t contain blood pressure values • Articles written in any language other that English

  5. Complications Encountered • Most articles written in the 1980’s • Limited amount of articles on topic within the last ten years • Several articles weren’t limited to specific vegetarian articles, but similar diets, such as the lacto-ovo vegetarians, etc. • Finding articles that meet assignment criteria

  6. Hypertension prevention through Vegetarianism • Blood pressure decreases in vegetarian diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which promotes vasodilation and decreases viscosity of blood (Varshney, Bedi, & Bhandari, 2005). • Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressures (Adebawo et al., 2006). • Vegetarians showed to have a lower blood pressure verses non-vegetarians (Appleby, Davey, and Key, 2002).

  7. How a Vegetarian Diet Prevents/ Treats Hypertension • High vegetable diet can prevent hypertension (Appleby, Davey, and Key, 2002). • Soluble fiber can prevent hypertension (Adebawo et al., 2006). • Vegetarians have shown an incidence of having a lower blood pressure (Elliot et al., 2006). • Non-vegetarians typically have a higher blood pressure than vegetarians (Varshney et al., 2005).

  8. Red Meat Effects Stated by Tzoulaki et al. Stated by Hodgson et al. • The higher the consumption of red meat the greater the increase in blood pressure (Tzoulaki et al., 2008). Steve. (2007). [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.gimmecorn.com. • Eating lean red meat can reduce blood pressure (Hodgson et al., 2006). 4pack. (2009). [Web]. Retrieved from http://4pack.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/redmeat.jpg.

  9. Lifestyle Changes Effecting Blood Pressure • Moderate exercise as well as stress management (Appleby, Davey, and Key, 2002) • The above changes along with a proper diet can lower blood pressure (Slavicek et al., 2008). • A healthy lifestyle can help to prevent hypertension as well as related chronic diseases (Elliot et al,2006).

  10. Health Benefits of a Vegetarian Diet • Vegetarians have a lower death rate from diseases such as, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (Appleby et al., 2002). • Important effects of dietary exposures and health concerns are underestimated (Elliot et al,2006). • Vegetarian diet can decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index, weight, cholesterol, and blood glucose (Slavicek et al., 2008).

  11. Clinical Implications • Teach others the importance of vegetables and red lean meats • Promote awareness through informational brochures and flyers • Provide access to appropriate agencies • http://www.vegetarian-nutrition.info/ • http://www.vegetariannutrition.net/

  12. Gaps and Future Research • Physiological reasons of how blood pressure is lowered by vegetarian diets • Up to date qualitative articles • Collaborations with cardiovascular doctors and nutritionists • Collaborations with vegetarians and nutritionists

  13. Conclusion • You don’t have to be a vegetarian to maintain a healthy lifestyle/blood pressure • Hypertension can be reduced and prevented • Prevent hypertension = prevent other chronic diseases

  14. Thanks for your time!

  15. References • 4pack. (2009). [Web]. Retrieved from http://4pack.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/redmeat.jpg. • Adebawo, O, Salau, B., Ezima, E., Oyefuga, O., Ajani, E., Gbolahan, I., Famodu, A., & Osilesi, O. (2006). Fruits and vegetables moderate lipid cardiovascular risk factor in hypertensive patients. Lipids in Health and Disease, 5(14), 1-4. • American Dietetic Association.(2009). Vegetarian nutrition dietetic practice group. Retrieved from http://www.vegetariannutrition.net/. • Appleby, P., Davey, G., & Key, T. (2002). Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans an EPIC Oxford. Public Health Nutrition, 5(5), 645-654. Retrieved October 13, 2009, from the Cambridge Journals database.

  16. References • Craig, W. (2008). Vegetarianism & vegetarian nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.vegetarian-nutrition.info. • Elliot, P., Stamler, J., Zhou, B., Dyer, A., Appel, L., Dennis, B., Kesteloot, H., Ueshima, H., Okayama, A., Chan, Q., & Garside, D. (2006). Association between protein intake and blood pressure: The INTERmap study. American Medical Association, 166, 79-87. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from the Archives of Internal Medicine database. • Hodgson, J., Burke, V., Beilin, L., & Puddey, I. (2006). Partial substitution of carbohydrate intake with protein intake from lean red meat lowers blood pressure in hypertensive persons. The American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 83, 780-787.

  17. References • Link, L., Hussaini, N., & Jacobson, J. (2008). Change in quality of life and immune markers after a stay at a raw vegan institute: a pilot study. Complement Ther Med., 16(3), 124-130. • Slavicek, J., Kittnar, O., Fraser, G., Medova, E., Konecna, J., Zizka, R., Dohnalova, A., & Novak, V. (2008). Lifestyle decreases risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Cent Eur J Public Health, 16(4), 161-164. • Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2006). Foundations of nurisng in the community: community-oriented practice. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. • Steve. (2007). [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.gimmecorn.com.

  18. References • Tzoulaki, I., Brown, I., Chan, Q., Horn, L. V., Ueshima, H., Zhao, L., Stamler, J., & Elliott, P. (2008). Relation of iron and red meat intake to blood pressure: cross sectional epidemiological study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 337, 1-7. • Varshney. (2005). Effect of Non-Vegetarian Diet on Cardiovascular Reactivity to Mental Stress in Young Adults. Vascular Disease Prevention, 2(4), 293-298.

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