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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece. Map of Greece.

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Ancient Greece

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  1. Ancient Greece Ancient Greece

  2. Map of Greece The landscape of Greece is a dramatically steep terrain that meets the sea in an abrupt manner. The map on the right shows an irregular coastline throughout the Peloponnesus in the southwest, the mainland where Athens and Delphi are located, the islands of the Aegean Sea, and the west coast of the Anatolia where Miletus is located. 453 Ancient Greece

  3. View of the Acropolis The Acropolis, literally the “High City,” is the symbolic center of ancient Athens and all of ancient Greece. As the dwelling of the gods, particularly the revered Athena, this elevated plateau presents the spiritual beacon to a seafaring culture of traders and warriors. 454 Ancient Greece

  4. The Acropolis These painted “sketches” of the Acropolis by Johann Jacob Wolfensberger (left) and J.M. Williams were made in about 1822. They show a romantic view of the ruins and the area surrounding the city of Athens, depicting the Greeks as charming peasants who would seem to lack a full comprehension of the value of this ancient wonder. At the beginning of the 19th century, the British and German scholars made it their mission to “protect” the artifacts that they found here and preserve them in their own museums far from the source. 455 456 Ancient Greece

  5. The Acropolis (447-432 BC.) The land on which the Acropolis rests had been a natural formation that must have appeared to rise from the earth to command a view of the sea. It had been a strategic military post, logically situated for a 360-degree observation of advancing enemies. This view from the northeast shows the mountain transformed into a flat-topped platform for human occupation . 457 Ancient Greece

  6. The Silhouette of the Acropolis The surrounding walls, like fortifications, raise the uneven mountain terrain to a level plateau. As a result, the base becomes a strong geometric silhouette that contrasts with the rugged mountain forms on the distant horizon. This base is a complement to the confident architectural delineation of the temple structures above. Together they present an impressive monument to human accomplishment in engineering and the fine arts. 458 Ancient Greece

  7. AcropolisStudied The entrance to the Acropolis was approached from the west. This was the only entrance into the Sacred City. Illustrations show the west side elevation and the plan as the site existed in 1877. Marcel Lambert, a Prix de Rome scholar at that time, made these precise measured drawings. 459 460 Ancient Greece

  8. The Acropolis Reconstruction Marcel Lambert (1877) painted the view from the west in this reconstruction. The Propylea is the entrance to the sacred city and this single passage channels all movement into the Acropolis. Upon their arrival, visitors would have been greeted by the statue of Athena, placed directly on axis with the entrance and viewed against the sky in the open volume of the court space between the Parthenon, the temple of Athena, to the right, and the Erechtheon to the left 462 Ancient Greece

  9. Model Parthenon Erechtheon A modern model illustrates the Acropolis as it would have been circa 460 BC. The form of the Propylea and the ramp-stair arrival are evident in this three-dimensional representation. The Temple of Athena Nike stands guard at the right side of the grand stair on the terrace adjacent to the Propylea. Propylea 461 Ancient Greece

  10. Plans of the Acropolis The Acropolis, as we have come to know it today, has developed over a 300-year period. The evolution of the structures and spaces is illustrated in the diagrams above that indicate the transformation between c. 550 and 460 BC. Note the sight lines from the Propylea arrival in the first two plans. The experience of the Acropolis was ordered by the initial view to all of the temples, not by the geometric layout of structures on a grid organization. 463 464 465 Ancient Greece

  11. The Roman-era Plan North This plan of the Acropolis illustrates later influences in the construction around the base of the ancient sacred precinct. On the southeast slope below the plateau, the Greeks placed the Theatre of Dionysius, a broad and shallow open-air amphitheater with an irregular, shell-like outline (upper right in plan). Later, another theatre was added to the composition. The form of this later construction was more precisely geometric in its semi-circular form (lower right of plan, southwest of the Propylea). During the period of Roman occupation in Athens, about 100 AD, these theaters were enhanced and in constant use for religious and political oratory and entertainment. 466 Ancient Greece

  12. The Amphitheater The Amphitheater The bowl of the Amphitheater fits snugly against the steep terrain at the base of the Acropolis. This and the Theatre of Dionysius, located further to the east on the same south slope, would have had a small proscenium as the focus of the audience, with views to the landscape beyond. The theatre background in the photographs above is from the Roman period in the first century. The stone arches, an engineering accomplishment unknown to the ancient Greeks, had its beginnings in the aqueduct and architectural developments of Rome. 467 468 Ancient Greece

  13. Aerial View and Diagram 2. ROMAN AGORA 3. ‘TOWER OF THE WINDS’ 4. ERECHTHEUM 5. MYCENAEAN STAIRWAY 6. OLD ATHENA TEMPLE 7. PARTHENON 8. TEMPLE OF ROME AND AUGUSTUS 9. SITE OF ZEUS POLIEUS TEMENOS 18. SITE OF ATHENA PROMACHOS 19. ATHENA NIKE TEMPLE 20. PROPYLEA 21. ‘TOWER OF AGRIPPA’ 22. BEULE GATE, 3rd CENT. AD 27. ODEION OF HERODES ATTICUS (ROMAN AMPHITHEATRE) 28. STOA OF EUMENOS (OR ROMAN?) 35. THEATRE OF DIONYSIOS 469 470 Ancient Greece

  14. The Agora and the Sacred Way The Agora is the marketplace where the ancient Greeks conducted the business of commercial industry, government, worship, and entertainment. The Stoa of Attilos (to the left in photograph) is a long and low structure that housed shops, storage areas and sometimes living quarters for the merchants of ancient Athens. The Stoa articulates the line of ritual procession toward the Parthenon high on the Acropolis, to the right. 471 Ancient Greece

  15. The Panathenaic Way at the Agora On the right, a reconstructed view of the Panathenaic Way, the ritual path leading to the Temple of Athena, shows the relationship between the Sacred Precinct and the common places for daily activities.. Many temples, courts and commercial structures of various sizes and architectural character created the space of the Agora and framed the path to the Propylea entrance. Since there was only one entrance into the sacred realm of the Acropolis, this became a well-traveled site for community activity 472 Ancient Greece

  16. The Development of the Agora Early in the development of the Agora (left), temples, stores and civic structures were loosely organized around a vast expanse of open space that served as the common meeting ground for the citizens of Athens. As the population grew and the urban society matured, the need for more buildings established a plan that gave greater geometric definition and a more definitive spatial enclosure. Athenians maintained a respect for the sacred way that passed through the site (center) and articulated a distinct architectural threshold at the southeast corner. Romans, in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, proceeded to fill the space with buildings, giving an architectural definition to the sacred way (right). 473 474 475 Ancient Greece

  17. Temple Architecture and Idealized Form The bold architectural expression of the ancient temples illustrates the mathematically precise geometry and the balanced proportions, dimensions and scale that characterize the building form of the “classical ideal.” These white marble buildings on their formidable stone bases present a distinctive silhouette on the horizon, clearly visible from the Aegean Sea, like a beacon for seafaring travelers. Once a fortified stronghold, the isolated mound became the foundation for the temples that appear above the steep grade and the supporting walls, sharply contrasting with the rugged terrain of the surrounding landscape. 479 480 Ancient Greece

  18. The Propylea, the Temple of Athena Nike and the Parthenon (c. 500 BC.) From the processional approach of the Panathenaic Way, the ascending participant losses the distant view to the whole of the Acropolis and the focus of attention is on the Propylea. Soon, only a glimpse of the Parthenon is visible before passage through the grand threshold begins. 477 Ancient Greece

  19. Greek Influence in Italy (3rd Cent., BC.) The influences of Greek society spread throughout the Mediterranean with the conquests of Alexander the Great and the adventurous and powerful mariners. Many colonies developed in the image of Athens and the classical temple structures, located on elevated sites, reflected the refined architecture and site planning techniques of the center of Greek culture. 481 Ancient Greece

  20. The Greek Temple in Italy In Agrigento, Sicily, the Temple of Athena stands boldly in silhouette against the sky (photo below). In Segesta, Sicily, the doric-columned temple to Athena (right, top and bottom) addresses the landscape in a bold and confident manner. The scale, proportion and perceived weight of the structure presents a contrasting juxtaposition in the gently undulating terrain. The temple complements the surroundings and records a harmony between man and nature. 483 482 484 Ancient Greece

  21. Resources Jellicoe, Geoffrey and Susan. The Landscape of Man: Shaping the Environment from Prehistory to the Present Day. The Viking Press: New York, 1975. Newton, Norman T. Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971. Moore, Charles W., William J. Mitchell, and William Turnbull, Jr. The Poetics of Gardens. The MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1988. Ancient Greece

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