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1946-1991

The Cold War:. 1946-1991. Seeds of the Cold War. Russia’s withdrawal from WWI & signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917-18) US aid to the White Army in Russian Civil War (1918 – 1921) Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (1939)

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1946-1991

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  1. TheCold War: 1946-1991

  2. Seeds of the Cold War • Russia’s withdrawal from WWI & signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917-18) • US aid to the White Army in Russian Civil War (1918 – 1921) • Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (1939) • Allied delay in launch of Western Front in WWII for 2 years (1944) • Fear of communism

  3. United States Encourage democracy in other countries to help prevent the rise of Communist governments Gain access to raw materials and markets to fuel booming industries Rebuild European governments to promote stability and create new markets for American goods Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase the security of Europe Soviet Union Encourage communism in other countries as part of a worldwide workers’ revolution Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders and balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again Superpower Goals in Europe

  4. The Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945 • The Big Three met to decide the fate of Germany • USSR will hold free elections in its zone (Stalin later reneged on this promise at the Potsdam Conference in July – Stalin wanted a “buffer zone”) • Creation of the UN: • The General Assembly, in which every member nation meets & votes on issues • Security Council: 11-member (today 15) body to investigate disputes, decide on peacekeeping & emergency action • 5 permanent members: US, GB, France, USSR, China plus 6 rotating members (today 10) • Each permanent member has the veto power

  5. Part I:“Reconstruction & Confrontation”

  6. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  7. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

  8. The Eastern Bloc • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, and East Germany under Soviet domination • Only Yugoslavia, under Tito (1944-1980), remained free of Soviet domination

  9. Truman Doctrine [1947] • Civil War in Greece. • Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. • The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. • The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

  10. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program.” • Secretary of State, George Marshall • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. • $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. • Stalin refused to allow any satellite states to accept money & set up COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), which ultimately failed

  11. Post-War Germany

  12. The Berlin Crisis: Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  13. The Arms Race: • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • 1952: The Hydrogen bomb tested by US and by USSR in 1953 • Now there were two nuclear superpowers! • 1954: Sec. of State John Foster Dulles announces policy of “massive retaliation” promising to aid eastern bloc countries in removing communism and to use nuclear capability to destroy USSR if it tried to expand

  14. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • Luxembourg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany (Germany reunified 1990) • 1983: Spain • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • 1999: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland • 2004: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • 2009: Albania & Croatia

  15. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Romania

  16. The USSR under Stalin • The Great War spurred nationalism and an excuse for a repressive regime • Between 1946-1953 12mn. Russians died under Stalin’s dictatorship • Mainly in gulags • 5-year plans were reintroduced • Art and culture purged

  17. Mao’s Revolution: October 1, 1949 – The PRC Who “lost” China? – A 2nd}Power and a blow to US Policy of Containment

  18. Two Chinas • Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China in the UN until 1972 • Soviets gave financial, military & technical aid to the PRC & signed a treaty of friendship in 1950 • US sought to expand its influence in Asia by limiting Soviet occupation of Japan & dividing Korea into a Soviet supported North & a US backed South

  19. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) In June, 1950 the NK army invaded SK, which appealed to the UN for help UN Security Council voted to send an international force to halt the attack (Soviets did not veto due to boycott after US refusal to recognize the PRC) Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory” Syngman Rhee

  20. Post-Stalinist Russia: Premier Nikita Khrushchev (r. 1953-1964) • 20th Party Congress 1956: the secret speech that changed history • Gave the satellite states some independence, as long as they remained communist & allies of USSR • Publicly denounced Stalin for his brutal tactics & implemented “de-Stalinization” • Dismantling Stalin’s harsh programs, favoring moderate ones, calling for “peaceful competition” with capitalism & removing monuments of Stalin • Shifted economy from heavy industry to consumer goods and agriculture De-Stalinization Program About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956

  21. An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Citizen

  22. DeStalinization • Anti-Stalinist views allowed in literature and arts: • Aleksandr Solzenitsyn: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) • Boris Pasternak: Dr. Zhivago (1956) • Allowance of different types of socialism resulted in uprisings in Eastern bloc • Czechoslovakia, 1953 • Poland, 1956 • Hungary, 1956 Following Khrushchev's ‘Secret Speech’ in February 1956 which criticised Stalin and his way of running the USSR, Hungary was encouraged to try and get rid of their pro-Stalinist leaders.At this time there were shortages of food and fuel in Hungary. Demonstrations and rioting in Budapest could not be brought under control. Soviet troops stationed there were forced to leave.

  23. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister replaces Matyas Rakosi after Khrushchev’s secret speech Political reforms: opposition parties, freedom of speech Wanted Hungary to leave Warsaw Pact Khrushchev dramatic response, tanks and troops, Nagy executed

  24. The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957 Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal British-French-Israeli forces attack, but forced to withdraw after US warns of economic sanctions USSR threatened nuclear retaliation on Western Europe Result: weakens British-French world power and influence

  25. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

  26. The Space Race: Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

  27. Nixon (VP) - Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”(1959) Cold War ---> Tensions <--- Technology & Affluence While relations improved between the US and the USSR initially, by the 1960s they worsened

  28. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

  29. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

  30. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Between 1949-1961 2mn. East Germans escaped to West Berlin CheckpointCharlie

  31. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

  32. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

  33. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

  34. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  35. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

  36. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  37. Russia under Brezhnev, 1964-1982 • A resurgence of conservative Stalinists after the Cuban Missile Crisis led to Khrushchev’s removal • Leonid Brezhnev became new Secretary General • Limited Re-Stalinization • Massive arms buildup • The Brezhnev Doctrine: • Policy that the USSR had a right to prevent its satellite countries from rejecting communism – announced in response to the Prague Spring • Used to justify Soviet actions in Czech. (1968) and in Afghanistan (1979)

  38. “Prague Spring” (1968) Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček Communism with a human face!

  39. “Prague Spring” Dashed! Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav Havel—future president of a free Czech Republic].

  40. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

  41. Détente • Policy of “brinkmanship” under Eisenhower, JFK, & LBJ ended in 1970s • Nixon’s policy: détente • Developed out of a philosophy of “realpolitik”: dealing w/ other nations in a practical, goal-oriented way, rather than strictly along ideological lines; impossibility of maintaining a nuclear arms race • Nixon visited PRC and USSR in 1972 US Sec of State Henry Kissinger w/ Mao

  42. 1979: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan • Independent, but influenced by Soviets in 1950s • 1970s: Muslim revolt threatened communist rule • 1979: Soviet invasion to support pro-commgov • Expected quick war, but Afghan rebel forces able to overpower • Mujahideen, Afghan rebels, supplied & trained by US (fearing Soviet takeover of ME oil routes) • US launched a grain embargo & boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics, along w/ 62 other nations • 1989: Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev ordered withdrawal after 10-year occupation

  43. Poland: Solidarity 1956: • Polish October led by Władysław Gomułka • sparked by workers unrest • Local national socialism implemented • Led to Hungarian revolt 1980: • Polish Pope John Paul II elected in 1979 – inspired a popular movement of workers • Polish August led by Lech Walesa – Solidarity Union Movement • Demands: right to form unions, free speech, right to strike, release of political prisoners • 1981 General Jaruzelski outlaws Solidarity under Soviet threat of intervention

  44. End of the Cold War & the Collapse of Communism/USSR: 2nd Russian Revolution Mikhail Gorbachev, 1985-1991 Implements reform policies: • Glasnost: openness, social reforms, free flow of ideas, religion, information • Perestroika: economic restructuring to make communism more efficient & productive • demokratiztsiya(1987): election of a representative body

  45. USSR under Gorbachev (1985-91) 1988: • signed INF Treaty to ban intermediate range nukes • Withdraws troops from Afghanistan • Encouraged reforms in Poland and Hungary • Repudiates Brezhnev Doctrine • START I treaty 1990

  46. Revolutions of 1989

  47. Revolutions of 1989 & Rise of Soviet Nationalism Poland: Solidarity legalized; free elections Hungary: proclaimed an independent republic under a coalition Germany: Fall of the Berlin Wall leads to reunification of Germany in 1990 Czechoslovakia: Velvet Revolution elected Vaclav Havel (1993 country splits) Bulgaria: purged Stalinists Romania: Nicolai Ceausescu overthrown and assassinated Albania: (1990)

  48. Rise of Soviet Nationalism and Fall of Soviet Union • 1991: coup attempt to overthrow Gorbachev • Boris Yeltsin defied Soviet tanks and became a national hero and president of Russia (1991-2000) • Withdrew Russia from Soviet Union and all other republics followed • December 25, 1991 USSR dissolved into 15 separate republics • Commonwealth of Independent States – economic tie between republics

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