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The Biosphere

The Biosphere. Vocabulary. Food Chain Food Web Trophic Level Ecological Pyramid Biogeochemical Cycles Evaporation Transpiration Nitrogen Fixation Denitrification Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle. Ecology Biosphere Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Producer

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The Biosphere

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  1. The Biosphere

  2. Vocabulary Food Chain Food Web Trophic Level Ecological Pyramid Biogeochemical Cycles Evaporation Transpiration Nitrogen Fixation Denitrification Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Ecology Biosphere Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Producer Consumer Autotroph Heterotroph Decomposer

  3. Learning Target • I can compare and contrast the different levels of organization in ecology

  4. What is Ecology? • It is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment • The interaction between the biotic and abiotic factors

  5. Abiotic Factors The environment’s nonliving components—physical and chemical components that shape the environment

  6. Abiotic Factors • Energy source • Temperature • Water • Nutrient Availability

  7. Energy Source • Without a constant source of energy, living things die!! • What is the primary source of energy for living things on Earth?

  8. You Are Correct! It’s the SUN

  9. Temperature • Directly affects metabolism • All living organisms have a range of temperature in which they best operate • At or below 0oC and above 45oC will destroy the enzymes of most organisms.

  10. Water • Is essential for all life. • Critical for most metabolic chemical reactions • Helps maintain body temperature • Helps prevent dehydration

  11. Nutrient Availability • Nutrients are all the chemical substances an organism needs to sustain its life.

  12. Biotic Factors • All of the living organisms in an area

  13. Ecology Levels Of Organization

  14. What is the Biosphere? • It is the areas on Earth where life is found • It includes any place on land, in the water or in the atmosphere where organisms live

  15. Where are living organisms found in the biosphere? • Living organisms are found from about 8 km above the Earth to about 11 km deep in the ocean

  16. Ecosystem • All the abiotic factors and biotic factors found in a certain place at any time.

  17. Community • All the organisms living in a specific area at a specific time

  18. Population • A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

  19. Species • A group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

  20. Learning Target • I can compare and contrast the different levels of organization in ecology.

  21. Learning Target • I can discuss the flow of energy through an ecosystem. • I can create and discuss a food web.

  22. Energy Flow • The sun is the main source of energy for life on earth. • < 1 % of all sunlight that reaches earth is used by living organisms. • What happens to the rest?

  23. Most is reflected off as heat energy.

  24. Producers or Autotrophs • Use sunlight or chemicals to make their own food. • Examples:

  25. Photosynthesis • 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Performed on land by plants and in water by algae.

  26. Can organisms make their own food without the aid of sunlight? • Chemosynthesis: using chemical energy to make carbohydrates. • Usually performed bacteria found in harsh environments • Ocean vents, volcanoes, hot-acidic environments

  27. Consumers or heterotrophs: Must get their energy by eating other organisms • Herbivores Omnivores Decomposers • Carnivores Detritivores

  28. Food Chains

  29. More complex than food chains A complex net of interactions among organisms. (interdependence) Food Webs

  30. Trophic Levels • Each location or step in a food chain or food web represents a trophic level. • Examples: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, etc.

  31. Ecological pyramids • Only about ten percent of the energy available within a trophic level is transferred to oragnisms at the next higher level.

  32. Pyramid of Numbers

  33. Biomass Pyramids • Biomass and numbers

  34. Learning Targets • I can discuss the flow of energy through an ecosystem. • I can create and discuss a food web.

  35. Learning Targets • I can differentiate between the biogeochemical cycles.

  36. Cycles of matter • Unlike energy, matter is constantly being recycled in an ecosystem. • Known as biogeochemical cycles

  37. Transpiration • The release of water from the leaves of plants. • Water is exchanged through a plant’s stomata. • Evaporation is the second process that releases water into the atmosphere.

  38. Carbon Cycle • Biological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition) • Geochemical processes (volcanoes) • Biogeochemical (fossil fuels) • Human activity (factories, deforestation, car exhaust)

  39. Nitrogen Cycle • All organisms need nitrogen to live. • Most abundant gas in atmosphere (80%) • Nitrogen gas is unusable for plants • Must be “fixed” or changed into the nitrate or nitrite form by bacteria in the soil. Known as nitrogen fixation

  40. Phosphorus cycle • P is important in the production of DNA and RNA. • Unlike water,oxygen, and nitrogen, phosphorus is NOT found in the atmosphere. Found in rocks and minerals.

  41. Nutrient Limitation • When a single nutrient is scarce for a particular ecosystem and limits the growth of organisms in that ecosystem.

  42. Learning Targets • I can differentiate between the biogeochemical cycles.

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