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Computer Systems Principles Introduction

Computer Systems Principles Introduction. Emery Berger and Mark Corner University of Massachusetts Amherst. Today’s Class. Organizational meeting Course organization & outline Policies Prerequisites & course sign-up Intro to systems. Organizational Information. Course web page

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Computer Systems Principles Introduction

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  1. Computer Systems PrinciplesIntroduction Emery Berger and Mark Corner University of Massachusetts Amherst

  2. Today’s Class • Organizational meeting • Course organization & outline • Policies • Prerequisites & course sign-up • Intro to systems

  3. Organizational Information • Course web page • Visit www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/ • Contact info • emery@cs.umass.edu

  4. Class Information • Prerequisites • CMPSCI 187: Data Structures • Recommended • CMPSCI 220: Programming Methodology • No required text • Course notes available on-line: • http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/CSP-book.pdf

  5. Course Requirements • Note: Percentages are subject to revision. • Five programming projects: 35% • Strict late policy! • Autograder • Participation: 5% • Exams: 60% • Midterm & cumulative final

  6. Projects and Autograder • Most projects autograded • Provides fast feedback • You will need EdLab accounts • All projects in C++ • Test and submit on Linux systems 6

  7. Plagiarism • Cheaters will be found & executed • Sophisticated detection software • We follow rent-a-coder.com, etc. • Cheating = • “Borrowing” code from someone • Includes reading previous solutions • Giving code to someone (even next year) • Copying code from anyone (including the net) • Hiring someone to write your code • Submitting someone else’s code as your own • Looking at anyone else’s code

  8. Computer Systems Principles • What this class is about

  9. Build Large Computer Systems • Goals: Fast, reliable, large scale • To build these systems, you need to know • Each computer: • C and C++ (nitty gritty & more) • Concurrency & scheduling • Memory management & locality • Disks, network, file systems • Across cluster: • Server architectures • Distributed computing, file systems

  10. A Brief History of Systems • And now, for some historical context • From mainframes to web-based systemsin nine slides

  11. 1. Single-User Computers • Hardware: expensive; humans: cheap • One user at a time on console • Interacting with as program runs • Computer executes one function at a time • No overlap: computation & I/O • User must be at console to debug • Multiple users = inefficient use of machine

  12. 2. Batch Processing • Execute multiple “jobs” in batch: • Load program • Run • Print results, dump machine state • Repeat • Users submit jobs (on cards or tape) • Human schedules batches of jobs • Operating system loads & runs jobs • More efficient use of machine • less waiting on the slowest component

  13. 3. Overlap I/O and Computation • Before: machine waits for I/O to complete • New approach: • Allow CPU to execute while waiting • Add buffering • Data fills “buffer” and then output • typically magnetic tape “buffer”, then removed to a printer • and interrupt handling • I/O events trigger a signal (“interrupt”) • More efficient use of machine • still one job at a time

  14. 4. Multiprogramming • Several programs to run simultaneously • Run one job until I/O • Run another job, etc. • OS manages interactions • Which jobs to run (schedule) • Protects program’s memory from others • Decides which to resume when CPU available

  15. OS Complexity • Increased functionality & complexity • First OS failures • Multics (GE & MIT):announced 1963, released 1969 • OS/360 released with 1000 known bugs • Need to treat OS design scientifically • Managing complexity becomes key to…

  16. The Renaissance (1970’s) • Hardware: cheap; humans: expensive • Users share system via terminals • The UNIX era • Multics: • army of programmers, six years • UNIX: • three guys, two years • “Shell”: composable commands • No distinction between programs & data • But: response time & thrashing

  17. Industrial Revolution (1980’s) • Hardware very cheap; • humans expensive • Widespread use of PCs • IBM PC: 1981, Macintosh: 1984 • Simple OS (DOS, MacOS) • No multiprogramming,concurrency, memory protection, virtual memory, … • Later: networking, file-sharing, remote printing… • GUI added to OS (“WIMP”)

  18. The Modern Era (1990’s-now) • Hardware cheap; more processing demand • “Real” operating systems on PC’s • NT (1991); Mac OS X; Linux • Different modalities: • Real-time: Strict or loose deadlines • Sensor/Embedded: Many small computers • Parallel: Multiple processors, one machine • Distributed: Multiple networked processors • Think P2P, the Web, Google

  19. Architectural Trends • Big Changes • In 50 years, almost every computer part9 orders of magnitude faster, larger, cheaper http://audilab.bmed.mcgill.ca/~funnell/Bacon/HW/cpu_log.png

  20. Running out of Steam? http://smoothspan.wordpress.com/2007/09/06/a-picture-of-the-multicore-crisis/

  21. Coming Soon • New “features” coming • Multiple cores everywhere • Unreliable memory (?) • Flash memory (SSDs) • Serious power/heat constraints • Other tradeoffs possible • Computing power for reliability…

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