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This project focuses on the development of Non-Scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (NS.FFAG) accelerators, particularly for applications in muon acceleration and hadron therapy. With an emphasis on constructing a Proof-of-Principle (PoP) machine, the initiative attracted £8.2M in funding. Collaborations with the CONFORM consortium have advanced the commissioning of EMMA and ongoing design studies for PAMELA. The overall goal includes target studies related to boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and the development of an ADSR accelerator. Ensuring high reliability and performance is key.
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Accelerator R&D • FFAGs........EMMA, PAMELA, ADSR, etc • Target studies.........neutrons for BNCT, ADSR, security, etc
NS FFAGs • Non-Scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient • Invented for muon acceleration in a Neutrino Factory Also interesting for other applications. For example: hadron therapy ADSR Proton acceleration
NS FFAGs • But.....novel features.......must build PoP machine • Not cheap, so where does the funding come from? • Exploit KE possibilities, via BT fund • CONFORM consortium: £8.2M • Build PoP machine – EMMA • Design Hadron therapy machine – PAMELA • Study other applications, mainly ADSR and muons • Started 1st April 2007, finish March 2011.
EMMA Status • Being commissioned • Beam has made many turns at fixed energy • Acceleration being worked on....will restart in Jan • “2 year” experimental programme to follow, subject to funding EMMA Control room 22:45 on 22nd June 4-sector commissioning
PAMELA Status • Design study finished and being written up • Next step - prototyping: • Ring magnet • RF cavity • Extraction kicker • There is interesting in building it
Accelerator • Crucial component • 10MW • well beyond state-of-the-art • 99.9% reliability • unheard of! • needs redundancy • Only two candidates: • linear accelerator ← expensive • FFAG ← build ~3 for same price
Isochronous 250-1000 MeV NS FFAG Ring 2m General Parameters of an initial 0. 250 – 1 GeV non-scaling, isochronous FFAG lattice design Clockwise: Ring tune from design script, deviation from isochronous orbit (%), and radius vs. momentum • Comments and further work • Tracking results indicate ~50-100 mm-mr; relatively insensitive to errors • Low losses :
Target Studies • Most likely show-stopper for a Neutrino Factory • 4MW beam, 0.75MW in target, 300J/cm3Thermal shock: >1GPa – exceeds tensile strength Temperature: 100K/pulse, 50 pulses/s Radiation damage Radiation safety! • Solution found using tungsten • Has involved: • modelling of energy deposition, stress waves, etc • measurements of shock and cf with modelling • simulation of pion, neutron, etc, production • activation studies, shielding requirements • cooling studies
Target Studies Measured Young’s Modulus & yield strength of W and Ta at higher temp and strain rate than anybody else. Expertise gained applicable elsewhere.
BNCT Boron Neutron Capture Therapy • Used, for example, to treat “glio-blastoma multiforme” • Use boron-10: stable, but fissions with a thermal neutron Needs a lot of ns: 1x109 cm-2s-1 for 30mins Only current source: nuclear reactor! Possible with accelerators: 5mA protons at ~2.5MeV 12.5kW in ~100m • Accelerator & BNCT facility exist in Bham • Project to upgrade starting: aim clinical trials
Other Target Activities • Thermal neutrons for • ADSR • Waste transmutation • Security applications • Goran Skoro: possible next ISIS target expert
