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Introduction to Universal Networking Language (UNL)

Learn about UNL, a computer language that enables information processing across language barriers, replicating the functions of natural languages in human communication.

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Introduction to Universal Networking Language (UNL)

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  1. An Introduction to Universal Networking Language (UNL) 1/5/2020

  2. What is UNL?  Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer language that enables computers to process information and knowledge across the language barriers.  It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of natural languages in human communication.  It expresses information or knowledge in the form of semantic network with hyper-node.  Unlike natural languages, UNL expressions are unambiguous.  Although the UNL is a language for computers, it has all the components of a natural language.  It is composed of Universal Words (UWs), Relations, Attributes. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  3. UNL Expression  John is reading a novel.  UNL Hypergraph read(icl>do) @entry.@present.@progress agt obj novel(icl>book) John(iof>person)  UNL Expression [UNL] agt(read(icl>do) @entry.@present.@progress, John(iof>person)) obj(read(icl>do) @entry.@present.@progress, novel(icl>book)) [/UNL] 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  4. Universal Words (UWs)  A UW represents simple or compound concepts. There are two classes of UWs:  unit concepts  compound structures of binary relations grouped together ( indicated with Compound UW-Ids)  A UW is made up of a character string (an English-language word) followed by a list of constraints.  <UW>::=<Head Word>[<Constraint List>] 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  5. Types of UW  Basic UWs  They are bare Head Words with no Constraint List.  They are character strings that correspond to an English word.  A basic UW denotes all the concepts that may correspond to those in English.  for example:  go  take  house  Restricted UWs  They are Head Words with a Constraint List.  Each Restricted UW represents a more specific concept, or subset of concepts. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  6. Types of UW (…continued)  The Constraint List restricts the range of the concept that a Basic UW represents.  for example:  state(icl>express)  state(icl>country)  state(icl>abstract thing)  state(icl>government)  Extra UWs  They are a special type of Restricted UW.  Extra UWs denote concepts that are not found in English.  Foreign-language words are used as Head Words using English (Alphabetical) characters.  for example:  ikebana (icl>flower arrangement)  kathak (icl>dance) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  7. Relations  A relation label is represented as strings of 3 characters or less.  The relations between UWs are binary.  rel (UW1, UW2)  They have different labels according to the different roles they play.  At present, there are 41 relations in UNL  For example, agt (agent), ins (instrument), pur (purpose), etc. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  8. Attribute Labels  Attribute labels express additional information about the Universal Words that appear in a sentence.  They show what is said from the speaker’s point of view; how the speaker views what is said. (time, reference, emphasis, attitude, etc)  @entry, @present, @progressive, @topic, etc. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  9. The boy who works here went to school @ entry @ past go(icl>move) agt plt @ entry boy(icl>person) school(icl>institution) agt here plc work(icl>do ) :01 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  10. The boy who works here went to school UNL expression: {UNL} agt(go(icl>move).@entry.@past, :01) plt(go(icl>occur).@entry.@past, school(icl>institution)) agt:01(work(icl>do), boy(icl>person.@entry)) plc:01(work(icl>do),here) {/UNL} 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  11. agt  Birds fly {UNL} agt (fly(icl>do).@entry.@pres.@generic, bird(icl>fauna)@pl) {/UNL}  He is running.  The students are attending this class 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  12. agt (agent)  agt defines a thing that initiates an action.  An agent is defined as the relation between: UW1 - do, and UW2 - a thing  where:  UW2 initiates UW1, or  UW2 is thought of as having a direct role in making UW1 happen.  agt (do, thing) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  13. Obj  John wants a pen. {unl} agt(want.@entry.@present, John) obj(want.@entry.@present, pen.@indef) {/unl}  I have read a story.  The ice melted. (ice is obj here)  She prepared food for John. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  14. obj (affected thing) Obj defines a thing in focus that is directly affected by an event or state.  An affected thing is defined as the relation between: UW1 – an event or state, and UW2 – a thing, where: UW2 is thought of as directly affected by an event or state.    obj (occur, thing) obj (do, thing) obj (be, thing) obj (uw(aoj>thing,obj>thing), thing)     1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  15. mod  I have read a story of ghosts. agt (read.@entry.@complete.@present, I) obj (read.@entry.@complete.@present, story.@indef) mod (story.@indef, ghost@pl) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  16. mod(modification)  Mod defines a thing that restricts a focused thing.  A modification is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – a focused thing, and  UW2 – a thing that restricts UW1 in some way.  mod (thing, thing)  mod (thing, uw(mod>thing))  the whole story  mod(story(icl>tale), whole(mod<thing)) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  17. mod  He heard the music of the sea {unl} obj(hear(icl>perceive{>do}(agt>person,obj>thing)):03.@entry.@past, music(icl>creation):0D.@def) agt(hear(icl>perceive{>do}(agt>person,obj>thing)):03.@entry.@past, he:00) mod(music(icl>creation):0D.@def, {/unl} sea(icl>water):0Q.@def)  I have read a book on politics  I met the director of the institute. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  18. plc  I saw a leopard in the campus. agt (see.@entry.@past, I) obj (see.@entry.@past, leopard.@indef) plc (see.@entry.@past, campus)  I met the director of the institute in the guest house.  John was arrested at the airport by Mumbai Police. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  19. Plc (place)  Plc defines a place where an event occurs, or a state that is true, or a thing that exists.  A place is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event, state, or thing, and  UW2 – a place or thing understood as a place.  plc (occur, thing)  plc (do, thing)  plc (be, thing)  plc (uw(aoj>thing), thing)  plc (thing, thing) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  20. plt  The boy went to school. agt(go(icl>move).@entry.@past, boy(icl>person)) plt(go(icl>move).@entry.@past, school(icl>institution))  He rushed to the hospital. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  21. Plt(final place)  Plt defines a place where an event ends or a state that becomes false.  A final place is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or state, and  UW2 – a place or thing defining a place, where:  UW2 is the specific place where UW1 ended, or  UW2 is the specific place where UW2 becomes false.  plt (occur, thing)  plt (do, thing)  plt (uw(aoj>thing), thing) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  22. plf  He jumped from a building. agt (jump.@entry.@past, he) plf (jump.@entry.@past, building.@indef)  He came from Delhi. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  23. Plf(initial place)  Plf defines a place where an event begins or a state that becomes true.  An initial place (or place-from) is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or state, and  UW2 – a place or thing defining a place, where:  UW2 is the specific place where UW1 started, or  UW2 is the specific place from where UW1 is true.  plf (occur, thing)  plf (do, thing)  plf (uw(aoj>thing), thing) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  24. tim  I met the director of the institute in the guest house on Sunday. agt (meet.@entry.@past, I) obj (meet.@entry.@past, director) mod (director, institute) plc (meet.@entry.@past, guest house) tim (meet.@entry.@past, sunday)  The fire brigade arrived at midnight.  She was certified dead at 4.50 am . 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  25. tim(time)  Tim defines the time an event occurs or a state is true.  Time is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or state, and  UW2 – a time, where:  UW1, taken as a whole, occurs at the time indicated by UW2.  tim (occur, time)  tim (do, time)  tim (be, time)  tim (uw(aoj>thing), time) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  26. tmt  I worked till breakfast agt (work.@entry.@past, I) tmt (work.@entry.@past, breakfast)  The firing was kept up till dark.  The jury adjourned the case until Friday.  He doesn't expect you until five. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  27. tmt(final time)  Tmt defines a time an event ends or a state becomes false.  Final time is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or state, and  UW2 – a time, where:  UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 ends, or  UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 became/becomes false.  tmt (occur, time)  tmt (do, time)  tmt (uw(aoj>thing), time) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  28. tmf  We have lived here since 1994. agt (live.@entry.@present.@complete, we) plc (live.@entry.@present.@complete, here) tmf (live.@entry.@present.@complete, 1994)  I haven’t eaten since breakfast.  He is blind from birth. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  29. tmf(initial time)  Tmf defines the time an event starts or a state becomes true.  Initial time is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or state, and  UW2 – a time, where:  UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 starts, or  UW2 specifies the time at which UW1 became/becomes true.  tmf (occur, time)  tmf (do, time)  tmf (uw(aoj>thing), time) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  30. dur  You should receive a reply within seven days. agt (receive.@entry@should, you) obj (receive.@entry@should, reply.@indef) dur (receive.@entry@should, day.@pl) qua (day.@pl, 7)  The ambulance arrived within seven minutes. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  31. Dur(duration)  Dur defines a period of time during which an event occurs or a state exists.  A duration is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or a state, and  UW2 – a period during which the event or state continues. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  32. qua  He needs a lot of encouragement {unl} obj(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@present, encouragement(icl>aid):0I) agt(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@present, qua(encouragement(icl>aid):0I, lot(icl>quantity):0B.@indef) {/unl} he:00)  He took a sip of tea.  He pressed a couple of buttons. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  33. qua(quantity)  Qua defines the quantity of a thing or unit.  A quantity is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – a thing, and  UW2 – quantity, where:  UW2 is the number or amount of UW1.  qua (thing, quantity)  Two dogs  qua(dog(icl>animal), 2) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  34. pur  He applied for a certificate. pur (apply.@entry.@past, certificate.@indef) agt (apply.@entry.@past, he)  They have a budget for research.  They vote for a scheme.  They called for a review.  We went for a swim. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  35. pur(purpose or objective)  Pur defines the purpose or objective of an agent of an event or a purpose of a thing that exists.  A purpose or objective is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – a thing or an event, and  UW2 – a thing or an event, where:  The UWs are different.  When UW1 is an event:  UW2 specifies the agent’s purpose or objective, or  UW2 specifies the thing (object, state, event, etc.) that the agent desires to attain by carrying out UW1, or  When UW1 is not an event:  UW2 is what UW1 is to be used for. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  36. and  John and Mary are friends. and :01(Mary, John) aoj (friend.@pl.@entry.@present, :01)  She is singing and dancing.  National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  37. And(conjunction)  And defines a conjunctive relation between concepts.  A conjunction is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – a concept, and  UW2 – another concept, where:  The UWs are different, and  UW1 and UW2 are seen as grouped together, and  what is said of UW1 is also said of UW2.  and (uw, uw) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  38. rsn  I am late because of the rain. aoj (late, I) rsn (late, rain)  She is famous for her painting.  The city is known for its beauty. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  39. Rsn(reason)  Rsn defines a reason why an event or a state happens.  A reason is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or state, and  UW2 – a reason for an event or state, where:  UW2 is a reason why UW1 happens. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  40. gol  He gave a book to Mary. gol(give, Mary) agt(give,he) obj(give, book)  I deposited five thousand rupees in the bank account.  Mary sent a parcel to John.  The bank granted me a £500 loan.  I was granted permission to visit the palace. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  41. Gol(final state)  Gol defines a final state of object or a thing finally associated with the object of an event.  A final state is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event, and  UW2 – a state or thing, where:  UW2 is the specific state describing the obj (of UW1) at the end of UW1, or  UW2 is a thing that is associated with the obj (of UW1) and the end of UW1.  gol (occur(gol>thing), thing)  gol (do(gol>thing), thing) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  42. ben  She prepared food for John. agt (prepare, she) obj(prepare, food) ben(prepare, John)  She cooked chicken for John.  John gave a present to Bill for Mary. 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  43. Ben(beneficiary)  Ben defines an indirectly related beneficiary or victim of an event or state.  A beneficiary is defined as the relation between:  UW1 – an event or state, and  UW2 – a thing, where:  UW2 is thought of as being indirectly affected by UW1, as the beneficiary or victim.  ben (occur, thing)  ben (do, thing)  ben (uw(aoj>thing), thing) 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  44. THE END Ref: http://www.undl.org/unlsys/index.html 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  45. Some Examples  He liked the sweetness of the cream {unl} obj(like:03.@entry.@past, sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def) agt(like:03.@entry.@past, he:00) mod(sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def, cream(icl>class):0U.@def) {/unl} 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  46.  He needs a lot of encouragement {unl} obj(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@present, encouragement(icl>aid):0I) agt(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@present, he:00) qua(encouragement(icl>aid):0I, lot(icl>quantity):0B.@indef) {/unl} 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  47.  He is a kind of missionary {unl} aoj(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present, he:00) mod(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present, kind(icl>-):08.@indef) {/unl} 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  48.  He rejected the claims of mismanagement {unl} obj(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@en try.@past, claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl) agt(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@en try.@past, he:00) mod(claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl, mismanagement(icl>act):0Q) {/unl} 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  49.  He took a sip of wine. {unl} obj(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03. @entry.@past, wine(icl>drink):0H) agt(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03. @entry.@past, he:00) qua(wine(icl>drink):0H, sip(icl>quantity):0A.@indef) {/unl} 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

  50.  He was director of the Academy {unl} aoj(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past, he:00) mod(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past, academy(icl>school):0N.@def) {/unl} 1/5/2020 UNL Tutorial

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