INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION HYDROLOGY and HYDROGEOLOGY Scope of Hydrogeology Historical Developments in Hydrogeology Hydrologic Cycle groundwater component in hydrologic cycle, Hydrologic Equation HYDROLOGY and HYDROGEOLOGY HYDROLOGY: the study of water. Hydrology addresses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and chemistry of ALL waters of the earth. HYDROGEOLOGY: includes the study of the interrelationship of geologic materials and processes with water, origin Movement development and management

2. Geologic materials Rocks Minerals Processes Mechanical processes Chemical processes Thermal processes More comprehensive definition: it is "the study of the laws governing the movement of subterranean water, the mechanical, chemical, and thermal interaction of this water with the porous solid, and the transport of energy and chemical constituents by the flow".

3. Hydrogeology Descriptive science Analytical and Quantitative science Why hydrogeology? Exploration Development Inventory Management

4. Scope Of Hydrogeology A. Physical Hydrogeology Exploration: Development: Inventory: Management: B. Chemical hydrogeology chemistry and transport of contaminants chemical characteristics of groundwater chemical evolution along flow paths C. Groundwater in eng. applications and other earth sciences: subsidence, sinkholes, earthquakes, mineral deposits etc. D. Mathematical Hydrogeology: an approximation of our understanding of the physical system

5. THE BUSINESS OF HYDROGEOLOGY Groundwater Supply and Control Design test wells Construct productive wells Develop regional sources of groundwater Review cost estimates Determine water quality Involve in aquifer protection and water conservation Designing dewatering wells for construction and mining projects

6. THE BUSINESS OF HYDROGEOLOGY Solution of Groundwater Contamination Problems Remediate contaminated aquifers Design Groundwater monitoring and quality plans Analyze collected groundwater samples Propose waste disposal sites for: Petrochemical plants Mining industries Municipal wastes Gasoline storage tanks

7. THE BUSINESS OF HYDROGEOLOGY Research and Academy Develop new methods and techniques Solve hydrologic and contamination problems Help developing new equipment Geophysical devices Sampling apparatus Develop computer programs to solve hydrogeologic problems Pumping test software Numerical simulators Hydrogeologic mapping programs

8. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEOLOGY Old nations Chines Egyptians Romans Persians Arabs

10. Islamic Civilization Canals and water ways Storage ponds Mathematics and geometry Physical sciences

11. Nineteenth Century 1856 Darcy�s law 1885 Water flow under artesian conditions 1899 Flow of groundwater & field observations

12. Twentieth Century 1923 Groundwater in USA 1928 Mechanics of porous media 1935 Solution of transient behavior of water 1940 Development of governing flow equations 1942 Well hydraulics fundamentals 1956 Chemical character of natural water

13. 1960 Regional geochemical processes 1970 Geothermal energy resources 1975 Environmental issues 1980 Contaminant transport 1985 Stochastic techniques 1990�s modeling and management issues

14. Hydrologic Cycle Saline water in oceans accounts for 97.2% of total water on earth. Land areas hold 2.8% of which ice caps and glaciers hold 76.4% (2.14% of total water) Groundwater to a depth 4000 m: 0.61% Soil moisture .005% Fresh-water lakes .009% Rivers 0.0001%. >98% of available fresh water is groundwater. Hydrologic CYCLE has no beginning and no end Water evaporates from surface of the ocean, land, plants.. Amount of evaporated water varies, greatest near the equator. Evaporated water is pure (salts are left behind).

15. When atmospheric conditions are suitable, water vapor condenses and forms droplets. These droplets may fall to the sea, or unto land (precipitation) or may evaporate while still aloft Precipitation falling on land surface enters into a number of different pathways of the hydrologic cycle: some temporarily stored on land surface as ice and snow or water puddles (depression storage) some will drain across land to a stream channel (overland flow). If surface soil is porous, some water will seep into the ground by a process called infiltration (ultimate source of recharge to groundwater).

16. Below land surface soil pores contain both air and water: region is called vadose zone or zone of aeration Water stored in vadose zone is called soil moisture Soil moisture is drawn into rootlets of growing plants Water is transpired from plants as vapor to the atmosphere Under certain conditions, water can flow laterally in the vadose zone (interflow) Water vapor in vadose zone can also migrate to land surface, then evaporates Excess soil moisture is pulled downward by gravity (gravity drainage) At some depth, pores of rock are saturated with water marking the top of the saturated zone.

17. Top of saturated zone is called the water table. Water stored in the saturated zone is known as ground water (groundwater) Groundwater moves through rock and soil layers until it discharges as springs, or seeps into ponds, lakes, stream, rivers, ocean Groundwater contribution to a stream is called baseflow Total flow in a stream is runoff Water stored on the surface of the earth in ponds, lakes, rivers is called surface water Precipitation intercepted by plant leaves can evaporate to atmosphere

18. Groundwater component in the hydrologic cycle Vadose zone = unsaturated zone Phreatic zone = saturated zone Intermediate zone separates phreatic zone from soil water Water table marks bottom of capillary water and beginning of saturated zone

23. Hydrologic Equation Hydrologic cycle is a network of inflows and outflows, expressed as Input - Output = Change in Storage (1) Eq. (1) is a conservation statement: ALL water is accounted for, i.e., we can neither gain nor lose water. On a global scale atmosphere gains moisture from oceans and land areas E releases it back in the form of precipitation P. P is disposed of by evaporation to the atmosphere E, overland flow to the channel network of streams Qo, Infiltration through the soil F. Water in the soil is subject to transpiration T, outflow to the channel network Qo, and recharge to the groundwater RN.

24. The groundwater reservoir may receive water Qi and release water Qo to the channel network of streams and atmosphere. Streams receiving water from groundwater aquifers by base flow are termed effluent or gaining streams. Streams losing water to groundwater are called influent or losing streams

25. A basin scale hydrologic subsystem is connected to the global scale through P, Ro , equation (1) may be reformulated as P - E - T -Ro = DS (2) DS is the lumped change in all subsurface water. All terms have the unit of discharge, or volume per unit time. Equation (2) may be expanded or abbreviated depending on what part of the cycle we are interested in. for example, for groundwater component, equation (2) may be written as RN + Qi - T -Qo = DS (3)

26. Over long periods of time, provided basin is in its natural state and no groundwater pumping taking place, RN and Qi are balanced by T and Qo, so change in storage is zero. This gives: RN + Qi = T + Q0 (4) => groundwater is hydrologically in a steady state. If pumping included, equation (4) becomes RN + Qi - T -Qo - Qp = DS (5) Qp= added withdrawal.

27. As pumping is a new output from the system, water level will decline Stream will be converted to a totally effluent, transpiration will decline and approach zero. Potential recharge (which was formerly rejected due to a wt at or near gl) will increase. Therefore, at some time after pumping starts, equation (5) becomes: RN + Qi - Qo - Qp = DS (6)

28. A new steady state can be achieved if pumping does not exceed RN and Qi. If pumping exceeds these values, water is continually removed from storage and wl will continue to fall over time. Here, the steady state has been replaced by a transient or unsteady state. In addition to groundwater being depleted from storage, surface flow has been lost from the stream.

29. Example groundwater changes in response to pumping

30. Example, contd. Write an equation to describe water balance. SOLUTION: Water balance equation: Water input from precipitation � evapotranspiration of precipitation � evapotranspiration of groundwater � stream flow discharging to the sea � groundwater discharging to the sea � spring flow = change in storage P �ETp � ETgw �Qswo � Qgwo �Qso = ?S

31. Example, contd Is the system in steady state? Substitute appropriate values in above equation: 2475 � 1175 -25 -525 -25 = ?S 0=

32. Chapter 1 Highlights Water is an important topic for study because it is an essential requirement for life on Earth as we know it. Although there are about 1352 million km3 of water on Earth, most of it is either in oceans, and therefore not suitable for human or animal consumption, or else locked in glaciers and ice caps. Ground water comprises 98% of the world's unfrozen supply of freshwater. Most of the work of hydrogeologists is concerned with developing this important resource and protecting the chemical and biological quality of water. Significant contamination of ground water comes from inappropriate disposal of waste into the ground, widespread use of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides, and accidental spills from pipelines or storage tanks. Knowledge of hydrogeology is also essential for the construction of dams and underground facilities. The geologic work of ground water is important in shaping the landscape, especially in karst regions, in forming some types of uranium and lead-zinc deposits, and in contributing to the migration of oil.