1 / 29

Liz Bathrick Dr. Gallimore - HFE606 WSU - Fall 2002

Human Factors. in Virtual. Environments. Liz Bathrick Dr. Gallimore - HFE606 WSU - Fall 2002. What is a Virtual. Environment ?.

devi
Download Presentation

Liz Bathrick Dr. Gallimore - HFE606 WSU - Fall 2002

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Human Factors in Virtual Environments Liz Bathrick Dr. Gallimore - HFE606 WSU - Fall 2002

  2. What is a Virtual Environment ? An artificial environment created with computer hardware and software and presented to the user in such a way that it appears and feels like a real environment. (webopedia) • Simple • Games - “Myst” • Web Portals • Complex • DMT • CAVE • Fully Immersive Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #2

  3. What is a Virtual Environment ? Physical-Actual Collaborative Interactive Augmented Virtual Immersive Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #3

  4. are Used for ... Virtual Environments • “Virtual Reality” Used & Abused (Games) • Relatively Expensive • Currently most true VEs are research or training oriented - • Military Training & Analysis • Institutional / Educational • Biomedical Research • Science & Engineering • Education & Training • Some entertainment venues (Disney, movies, games) Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #4

  5. HFES VE Tech Group Interests • Human Performance & Efficiency • Health & Safety Problems • Potential Behavioral & Social Issues Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #5

  6. HFES VE Tech Group Interests Specific Study Areas: • HMD ease of use & comfort in VEs • Human visual performance viewing Computer Generated VEs. • Tactile, haptic & force feedback • Design & evaluation of VE training systems. Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #6

  7. Commentary from RPA HMD Designer/Developer • Discussion with Rotocraft Pilot’s Associate (RPA) HMD Designer - Reid Benes • Augmented Reality • A Keiser Optical Helmet • Full glass display • 3D Spatial audio • Design issues RPA HMD Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #7

  8. Lessons Learned from RPA HMD Development Field of View (FOV) • As large as possible - slower update time, but subject will have stronger feeling of immersion • Display should closely match scene FOV • Large differences can lead to errors & difficulty in spatial judgements for depth & size of objects. • For augmented environments matching FOV is extremely important. e.g. Target acquistion overlay Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #8

  9. Lessons Learned from RPA HMD Development Navigation • Walking while looking around in rich VE can cause more problems then moving straight ahead through an VE (like flying). • Speed of navigation in VEs can contribute to simulator sickness. Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #9

  10. Lessons Learned from RPA HMD Development Color - Full color displays best Head Tracking - Very tricky • Can deter from the experience - esp. if yaw & roll are not well compensated for (3D head tracking) • Can be physically complicated if the user is moving around interacting in the VE - headtracking systems require close proximity to the sensors. Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #10

  11. Lessons Learned from RPA HMD Development Stereoscopic View • Allows system to put information at different focal lengths for user to perceive 3D information - necessary for immersive systems. • Fixed focal length at infinity so user can see the outside world. • RPA looked at being able to display different types of information at different areas in the visual field & also at different focal lengths to reduce clutter and information overload. Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #11

  12. Lessons Learned from RPA HMD Development System Trust - • Very important for applications trying to augment or model real world - e.g. surgical applications or flight decks. • Trusting VE too much when data isn't reliable can lead to errors or accidents. • Some current discussions about how to display error bars, or data reliability in the environment. Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #12

  13. Helmet Mounted Displays (HMD) • Fixed Focus/Vergence & Line of Sight • Field of View - Diag, Vert, Horiz • Eyewear compatibility • Binocular Rivalry w/Monocular HMDs • Interpupilary Distance • Exit Pupil • Weight & Balance • Brightness & Contrast Ratio Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #13

  14. HMDs & Virtual Simulation Sickness • “Cybersickness” vs. Motion sickness • User may not be actually moving • Effect may be residual after VE experience for hours or even days • Sensory Conflict Theory • Perceived cues don’t add up - see one thing, feel /hear another - • Usually visual & vestibular mismatch • Poison Theory • Body is physiologically fooled into reacting like it has been poisoned Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #14

  15. HMDs & Virtual Simulation Sickness • Postural Instability Theory • Instability in the control of the posture of the body and/or its segments - Most predictive through vibration and oscillation experiments • Contributing Factors • System: Position tracking, lag, flicker, resolution • Subject: Age, gender, health, experience • Task: Scene content, movement quantity, control, & duration Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #15

  16. Visual Performance in Computer Generated VEs • Largely related to HMDs • Synchronization of Visual, Audio & Haptic devices - lag time, logical movements, LOS • The basic question is: Will this system meet or exceed the visual requirements of the human user? Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #16

  17. Movie file removed Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #17

  18. & Force Feedback Tactile, Haptic • Gloves, Levitation Wands,Trackballs, Robotic Arms... • Degrees-of-freedom (DOF) • Spatial resolution • Resistance (isotonic vs isometric) • Body-centered interaction (“naturalness" of design and interaction) • Size, weight, comfort, mobility & portability • Mulitple users’ interactions Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #18

  19. Design & Evaluation of VE Training Systems • How well people learn information is based on: • How information is presented • How students may interact with it while they are learning • Intentional Psychology: interaction techniques and biological constraints • Experiential Design: functionally aesthetic environments Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #19

  20. Design & Evaluation of VE Training Systems • Situated Learning Theory (Intentional psychology) • Realistic task performance in authentic setting provides stronger context and application of learning objectives • Key components: Apprenticeship, Collaboration, Reflection, Coaching, Multiple practice, Articulation of learning skills, Realistic representations & technology • Cognitive Models (Experiential Design) • Artificial intelligence, agents • Can be represented by avatars or actors in VEs Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #20

  21. Design & Evaluation of VE Training Systems • “Presence” - how immersed is subject? • Fidelity - how much is necessary? • Which factors produce correct transfer/coding • e.g. Military Flight Simulation • Part task trainers - Control systems • Full mission trainers - Tactical /Team ops • Trainee Decision-making in semi-realism • Compensations acquired in VE experience can negatively impact real-world performance Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #21

  22. Social & Behavioral Problems in VE • Social Cognitive Theory • Arousal Theory - desensitization • Identity Construction Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #22

  23. Social & Behavioral Problems in VE • Social Isolation • Impact on development of imaginative and creative skills • Group dynamics & social positioning • Communication feedback - gestures, reactions Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #23

  24. Miscellaneous Other Things • Some real potential benefits to the physically or mentally challenged • Cool Education (as opposed to training) • Virtual Gorilla Exhibit Design - • Exploration of 15th C. Florence • Interaction with historical figures or characters in literature Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #24

  25. Virtual Environments Summary of HF in VE Technical Group Interests • Human Performance & Efficiency • HMDs, Haptics, Training & Education • Health & Safety Problems • Simulator Sickness • Potential Behavioral & Social Issues Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #25

  26. Some Final Thoughts • How much is too much? • Some things are really useful and others are just gimmicky. • Process of Discovery • With all this technology we need to make sure we don’t forget the human! Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #26

  27. References & More Information • Benes, Reid. Personal Interview. November 15, 2002. • W. Bricken, G. Coco, "The VEOS Project", Technical report, Human Interface Technology Lab, University of Washington,(1993). • Gabbard, J., Hix, D. “Taxonomy of Usability Characteristics in Virtual Environments”. Final Report to the Office of Naval Research. (November 1997) • LaViola, Joseph J., Jr. “A Discussion of Cybersickness in Virtual Environments” SIGCHI Bulletin Volume 32, Number 1 (January 2000) • Stanney, Kay M. Handbook of Virtual Environments : Design, Implementation, and Applications Human Factors and Ergonomics. Mahwah, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2002. • Chpater 3 - Vision and Virtual Environments • Chapter 24 - Spatial Orientation, Wayfinding,And Representation • Chapter 33 -The Social Impact of Virtual Environment Technology • Winn, William. “Learning in Interactive and Immersive Environments” Presented at the Conference "Media and Higher Education” National Institute for Multimedia Education Chiba, Japan,(November, 1995) Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #27

  28. References & More Information • Cybersickness.org http://www.cybersickness.org/web_index.htm • Motion Sickness: Human And Medical Factors Index Page, Marbella 1997 http://www.ait.nrl.navy.mil/MSC/marbella_abstracts.htm#a11 • HFES VE Tech Group http://vered.rose.utoronto.ca/HFESVE.html • McLaughlin Consulting Group - “Human Factors Impact on Near-eye Design” http://www.mcgweb.com/reports/usdc_doe.htm • VISERG - Visual Ergonomics Research Group Loughborough University http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/hu/groups/viserg/viserg1.htm Bathrick, HFE 606 Fall 2002 - #28

  29. T H E E N D

More Related