Laurie Ford, Ph.D. Dept. of Educational & Counselling Psych & Special Education

1. Putting the Pieces of the Puzzle Together: Working As a Cross-Disciplinary Team In Conducting Early Childhood Assessments Laurie Ford, Ph.D. Dept. of Educational & Counselling Psych & Special Education University of British Columbia What Develops? Understanding Assessment in Early Childhood Education Conference UBC - May 13, 2004 laurie.ford@ubc.ca

2. Special Thanks….. My graduate students at UBC & USC Especially Carla, Jillian, Kat, Lori, MB, Sarah, Terri, & Vanessa My colleagues at UBC & USC Especially Rich, Susan, Hillel & Connie Those who taught me about the assessment of young children Especially Bob, Nancy, Bill, & Deb The children, families, and professionals who have taught me……

3. What I Hope to Accomplish √Overview Key Issues in Effective Service Delivery for Young Children √ Review Domains Critical to Examine in the Assessment & Intervention of Young Children √ Highlight Aspects to Consider When Conducting Developmentally Appropriate, Culturally Responsive Service Delivery to Young Children √ Discuss aspects of working together as a team in conducting assessments √ Review common cognitive assessment instruments

4. Early childhood assessment is a field in transition. Dominated from its inception by psychometric models and measurement strategies used with older children, it is only now beginning to forge a methodology that is unique to young children. Meisels & Atkins-Burnett, 2000

5. Goal of Early Childhood Assessment To acquire new information and understanding that will help facilitate the child’s development and ability to function well in the home and family environment……

6. We need to…. Understand andDescribing, when Assessing A Child’s Development

7. Effective Service Delivery for Young Children Multi-disciplinary Inter-disciplinary “Trans-disciplinary”

8. Effective Assessment & Intervention with Young Children √Multi-Domain √Multi-Source √Family-Centered √Interdisciplinary √Ecologically Valid √Non-discriminatory √Formative and Summative

9. Key Domains in the Service Delivery to Young Children Cognitive Health Sensory Language Social- Emotional Physical Adaptive Home Community Family

10. Key People Involved in the Assessment of Young Children OT/PT Psychologist Educator Social- Worker Nutritionist Nurse Audiologist Parent/ Caregiver Siblings Physician SLP Extended Family Optometrist

11. Approaches in the Assessment of Young Children Observation Interview Formal Procedures Informal Procedures

12. Working As Team √Role Release Allowing one team member to take on a role that might normally be the responsibility of another √Arena Assessment Simultaneous evaluation of the child by multiple professionals from different disciplines √Case Manager/Team Facilitator Consider one point person and joint evaluation reports

13. Factors External to the Child Which Impact on School Readiness & Early Child Development • Family Income • Effects of poverty on children’s development • Other Family Resources • Parental time and stress • Community Resources • Family support programs, child care programs • Societal Decisions • Paid family leave in case of illness, reinbursement of child care costs (Doherty, 1997)

14. Preschool Kindergarten Teachers Peers Teachers Peers Time Child Child Neighborhood Family Neighborhood Family

15. An Ecological Perspective • Rimm-Kaufman and Pianta (2000) propose an ecologically informed approach to the study of school transitions • Ecological and Dynamic Model of Transition • Involves the combined influence of the child, direct, indirect, and dynamic effects of contexts on children’s transition to school and the bidirectional interactions that exist between the child and their social networks. • Central importance of this model is the emphasis on development of relationships over time

16. On the Assessment of Young Children The science of strange behavior of children in strange situations with strange adults for the briefest possible period of time Bronfenbrenner, 1977

17. Principles of Appropriate Assessment of Young Children (adapted from Greenspan & Meisels, 1996) • Assessment should be based on an integrated developmental model. • Assessment involves multiple sources of information and multiple components. • An assessment should follow an orderly sequence.

18. Principles of Appropriate Assessment of Young Children (adapted from Greenspan & Meisels, 1996) • The child’s relationship and interactions with their caregiver should be the cornerstone of the assessment. • An understanding of the sequence of typical development is an essential framework to interpreting differences.

19. Principles of Appropriate Assessment of Young Children (adapted from Greenspan & Meisels, 1996) • An assessment should emphasize attention to the child’s developmental level and way of organizing experiences and functional capacity in multiple domains. • The assessment should identify the child’s current competencies and strengths, as well as the competencies that will constitute developmental progression in a continuous growth model of human development.

20. Principles of Appropriate Assessment of Young Children (adapted from Greenspan & Meisels, 1996) • Assessment is a collaborative process. • The process of assessment should always be viewed as the first step in a potential intervention. • Reassessment of a child’s developmental status should occur in the context of day-to-day family or EI activities or both.

21. Continuum of Assessment & Intervention • Assessment and intervention are distinct processes, they exist on a continuum. • The goal of any good assessment should be to design effective intervention for the young child and their family.

22. Measuring Intelligence • More broadly we think of measuring cognitive abilities • Most tests provide an overall quotient or score • Every test calls it something different • The more meaningful information typically comes from examining the factor, component, or subtest scores

23. Common Cognitive Assessment Instruments • Intelligence Tests or Measures of Cognitive Abilities….. • Wechsler Scales (WISC-IV; WPPSI-III; WAIS-III) • Stanford-Binet Scales of Intelligence (SB5) • Differential Ability Scales (DAS) • Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJIII COG) • Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II)

24. Wechsler Scales • Generally the most widely used • Provides an overall score -- Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) • Start with Two Scale Breakdown • Verbal (VIQ) & Performance (PIQ) • Secondary Factors are Useful for Interpretation • Verbal Comprehension (VC), Perceptual Organization (PO); Freedom from Distractibility (FD); Processing Speed (PS)

25. The Wechsler Scales • WISC-IV (Wechsler, 2003) • Ages 6 to 16.5 • WPPSI-III (Wechsler, 2001) • Ages 2-7 • WAIS-III (Weschler, 1997) • Ages 16 through senior adult

26. Stanford-Binet Scales of Intelligence- Fifth Edition • No Bonus for Speed • Overall score is Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) • Two Primary Domains • Verbal IQ (VIQ) & Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) • Additional Factors • Fluid Reasoning • Knowledge • Memory • Visual Spatial Processing • Quantitative Reasoning

27. All Five Factors Measured in Verbal and Nonverbal Domains FACTORS DOMAINS Nonverbal Verbal Fluid Reasoning Knowledge Quantitative Reasoning Visual-Spatial Processing Working Memory

28. Nonverbal IQ Verbal IQ 5 Nonverbal Subtests 5 Verbal Subtests Fluid Reasoning Knowledge Quantitative Reasoning Visual-Spatial Processing Working Memory Fluid Reasoning Knowledge Quantitative Reasoning Visual-Spatial Processing Working Memory Full Scale IQ Factor Indexes Fluid Reasoning Knowledge Quantitative Reasoning Visual-Spatial Processing Working Memory

29. Differential Ability Scales • Overall Score is the General Cognitive Ability score (GCA) • Three Main Factors • Verbal Reasoning • Nonverbal Reasoning • Spatial Reasoning

30. Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities • Overall Score is called the General Intellectual Ability score (GIA) • Seven Broad Factors • Fluid Reasoning (Gf) • Comprehension-Knowledge (Gc) • Long-Term Retrieval (Glr) • Visual-Spatial (Gv) • Auditory Processing (Ga) • Short-Term Memory (Gsm) • Processing Speed (Gs)