Omejevanje mednarodne trgovine

1. Omejevanje mednarodne trgovine SPS sporazum

2. SPS sporazum • Sporazum WTO o sanitarnih in fitosanitarnih standardih • Namen  vzpostaviti • ?enoten? • ?harmoniziran? • ?učinkovit? • Sistem delovanja DČ na področju ukrepov sanitarne in fitosanitarne narave

3. SPS sporazum • Kaj so sanitarni in fitosanitarni ukrepi? • 1. Sanitary or phytosanitary measure— Any measure applied: • (a) to protect animal or plant life or health within the territory of the Member from risks arising from the entry, establishment or spread of pests, diseases, disease-carrying organisms or disease-causing organisms; • (b) to protect human or animal life or health within the territory of the Member from risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs; • (c) to protect human life or health within the territory of the Member from risks arising from diseases carried by animals, plants or products thereof, or from the entry, establishment or spread of pests; or • (d) to prevent or limit other damage within the territory of the Member from the entry, establishment or spread of pests. • Sanitary or phytosanitary measures include all relevant laws, decrees, regulations, requirements and procedures including, inter alia, end product criteria; processes and production methods; testing, inspection, certification and approval procedures; quarantine treatments including relevant requirements associated with the transport of animals or plants, or with the materials necessary for their survival during transport; provisions on relevant statistical methods, sampling procedures and methods of risk assessment; and packaging and labelling requirements directly related to food safety.

4. SPS sporazum • Področje ocenjevanja/omejevanja tveganj (risk assessment) • DČ samostojno odločajo o tveganjih in ukrepih za njihovo preprečevanje • Razlika v percepcijah tveganj (politični, ekonomski, družbeni vplivi)  • Potencialna omejevanja mednarodne trgovine • Različni sistemi, metode ocenjevanja, omejevanja tveganj • Risk assessment / Precautionary principle • Zato  SPS Agreement • Načelo nediskriminatornosti • Dvotirni sistem standardov za ukrepe

5. SPS sporazum • Načelo nediskriminatornosti / sorazmernosti (2. člen SPS) • Members have the right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures necessary for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement. • 2. Members shall ensure that any sanitary or phytosanitary measure is applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, is based on scientific principles and is not maintained without sufficient scientific evidence, except as provided for in paragraph 7 of Article 5. • 3. Members shall ensure that their sanitary and phytosanitary measures do not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between Members where identical or similar conditions prevail, including between their own territory and that of other Members. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures shall not be applied in a manner which would constitute a disguised restriction on international trade.

6. SPS sporazum • SPS sporazum uvaja dvotirni sistem dovoljenih ukrepov • Harmonizacijski standard /Avtonomni standard • 3. člen SPS (Harmonizacijski standard) • (1) [t]o harmonize sanitary and phytosanitary measures … Members shall base their sanitary or phytosanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, where they exist; … • (2) Sanitary or phytosanitary measures which conform to international standards, guidelines or recommendations shall be deemed to be necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, and presumed to be consistent with the relevant provisions of this Agreement and of GATT 1994.

7. SPS sporazum • SPS sporazum uvaja dvotirni sistem dovoljenih ukrepov • Harmonizacijski standard /Avtonomni standard • 3. člen SPS (Avtonomni standard) • 3. Members may introduce or maintain sanitary or phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection than would be achieved by measures based on the relevant international standards, guidelines or recommendations, if there is a scientific justification, or as a consequence of the level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection a Member determines to be appropriate in accordance with the relevant provisions of paragraphs 1 through 8 of Article 5.

8. SPS sporazum • Temeljna težava (kot ste lahko ugotovili…) • Avtonomni standard • SPS forsira harmonizacijo • Možnost DČ, da intenzivno odstopajo od mednarodno dogovorjenih standardov, je omejena. • Beef Hormones • Article 3.1 imposes an obligation on all Members to base their sanitary measures on international standards except as otherwise provided for in the SPS Agreement, and in particular in Article 3.3 thereof. In this sense, Article 3.3 provides an exception to the general obligation contained in Article 3.1. • Izrazito “napeta” intepretacija! - sledi tudi - sicer nepravilna – odločitev panela, da je dokazno breme zato na toženi stranki…

9. SPS sporazum • Dodatna težava  kdaj so standardi, ki odstopajo od mednarodnih, dovoljeni (poleg nediskriminacije) • “…if there is a scientific justification…” • Ni sporazuma o metodi znanstvene utemeljenosti • 2 temeljni metodi  • Risk assessment • Precautionary principle

10. SPS sporazum • Risk assessment • Klasična, znanstvena metoda • Znanost kot “nevtralni arbiter” • Ni vrednot pri odločanju • Širši družbeni konsenz ni pomemben/potreben • Širok manevrski prostor za potencialne kršitelje (multinacionalke…) • Temeljni kriteriji: • Hazard identification • Dose-response evaluation • Human exposure evaluation • Risk characterization

11. SPS sporazum • Precautionary principle • RISK ASSESSMENT + • Upoštevanje družbenega konsenza • Upoštevanje preferenc potencialno ogroženih • Upoštevanje zgodovinskih, socialnih, političnih parametrov • Ketelson: • Those of us who support the Precautionary Principle do so in part because we perceive our democratic rights to a clean environment and health have been violated”“This technocratic process (risk assessment) purports to put the decisions into an objective framework but the process gives greater power to corporate interests and tends to violate individual and collective rights to health”

12. SPS sporazum • Pomanjkljivost  odprta vrata za protekcionizem… • Ameriški pogled: • The Precautionary Principle is a nebulous doctrine developed by Europeans as a means to erect a trade barrier against any item that can be produced more efficiently in the United States. • Evropski odgovor: • “We do not spend our days in Brussels – as some might think – in Machiavellian plotting to apply precaution to the detriment of US businesses” (Margot Wallstrom: Head of European Union Environmental Commission)

13. SPS sporazum • WTO seveda ne da dokončnega odgovora o “boljši” metodi…