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Microorganisms

Microorganisms. Modified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office June, 2002. Microbes. too small to be seen with the naked eye aggregations or colonies can be seen without the aid of a microscope. Microbes. are found almost anywhere are more abundant than any other life form

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Microorganisms

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  1. Microorganisms Modified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office June, 2002

  2. Microbes • too small to be seen with the naked eye • aggregations or colonies can be seen without the aid of a microscope

  3. Microbes • are found almost anywhere • are more abundant than any other life form • they are forms on which all others depend.

  4. Recycle elements required for life • N - Nitrogen • O - Oxygen • P - Phosphorus • S - Sulfur • C - Carbon

  5. Microbes produce • food • fuel • air

  6. 4 major categories • bacteria • fungi • protists • viruses

  7. Pathogens • disease causing agents • AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • Botulism - food poisoning • Tuberculosis • Polio

  8. Pathogens • Typhoid FeverSyphilis

  9. Disease • Microbes cause disease by directly damaging tissues and weakening bodily functions or by producing toxins that do.

  10. Pathogenic microbes • the proportion of pathogenic microbes on earth is very small

  11. Producers • produce carbohydrates • break down starch into sugar • convert sugars into alcohol

  12. Water Dwelling microbes • algae and bacteria • largest producers of carbon containing compounds through photosynthesis

  13. Some microbes • are unable to take in Carbon Dioxide from the air. • They get Carbon from bicarbonate in the water

  14. Ion • an atom that carries a positive (+) or a negative (-) charge • carries the charge because it has gained or lost one or more electrons

  15. Microbes use CHO’s (carbohydrates) • synthesized during photosynthesis (Ps) to make cell structures and as an energy source • Provide food for larger organisms • Replenish Oxygen supply

  16. Single Celled Fungi • Yeasts • Producers in wine making, bread baking or beer brewing. • Convert sugar to alcohol in fermentation process

  17. Cheese Making • bacteria convert lactose (milk sugar) to lactic acid

  18. Contribute to production • of food and other substances by their enzymes

  19. Enzymes • organic molecules that speed up biochemical reactions without being used up or becoming part of the end product. • A catalyst - causes a reaction to take place

  20. Examples • foods • medicines • vitamins • leather processing • textile production

  21. Decomposers and Recyclers • world’s greatest recyclers • Keep elements like C and N cycling through the environment • Used to treat sewage, clean up toxic wastes, processing materials

  22. Recyclers • more than one type of bacterium is needed to convert atmospheric N into a form useable by plants. • Requires three different chemical reactions.

  23. Production through decomposition • Methane - decomposition of organic matter • Methanogens - swampy areas, land fills, digestive tract of ruminants.

  24. Production through decomposition • Linen fabric is made from flax stems • Stems are immersed in water • Bacterium digests pectin that makes the stalks stiff

  25. Linen Fabric Production • remainder is washed dried and spun into thread and then woven into fabric

  26. Basic features of MO’s (microorganisms) • 4 major groups • bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses • Viruses are not made up of cells and are not considered organisms by many microbiologists.

  27. Bacteria, fungi and protists • have a cellular structure, a membrane surrounding cytoplasm

  28. Protists • have an inner compartment nucleus • DNA in non circular chromosomes • unicellular or multicellular • protozoans, algae, others resemble fungi

  29. Fungi • have cellular structure • non circular chromosomes • in fungi with many cells, walls between cells are sometimes not complete • cytoplasm and nuclei can stream from one cell to another within slender filaments of cells called hyphae

  30. Fungi • have cellular structure • non circular chromosomes • in fungi with many cells, walls between cells are sometimes not complete

  31. Fungi • cytoplasm and nuclei can stream from one cell to another within slender filaments of cells called hyphae

  32. Yeasts • unicellular

  33. Molds • have many cells

  34. Fungi • visible to the naked eye • mushrooms • bracts • puffballs • toadstools

  35. Viruses • not cellular • particles made up of nucleic acid and protein • Include short length of DNA or RNA - never both!

  36. Viruses • On their own they cannot reproduce at all • Inject their nucleic acid into a host cell

  37. Viruses • Injected DNA or RNA tricks host cell into using the viruses chemical instructions to make substances needed for the virus to reproduce

  38. Viruses • Host cell is damaged when newly reproduced virus particles break out of cell (lyse)

  39. What does it take to keep a microbe alive? • Lots of variation in environmental and nutritional condition requirements

  40. Nutritional needs • energy sources • basic elements to make and replace cell structures

  41. Heterotrophs • organic compounds to meet energy needs • Carbon source to make own organic molecules • get energy from sugars, starches, fats and other organic compounds

  42. Saprobes • live in soil, get nutrients from dead organic matter • Clostridium botulinum - botulism, food poisoning

  43. Autotrophs • build their own organic compounds if they have an available source of inorganic compounds

  44. Phototrophs • generate their own food using sunlight and inorganics such as carbon dioxide

  45. Chemotrophs • don’t require sun • get energy from carbon dioxide, salts, water and others

  46. Nitrosomonas bacteria • live in soil • use ammonia (NH4) as energy

  47. hetero, chemo and phototrophs • use energy from the environment • light and heat energy from the sun • energy stored in chemical bonds or organic or inorganic compounds

  48. Six major elements in cells • C - Carbon • H - Hydrogen • N - Nitrogen • O - Oxygen • P - Phosphorus • S - Sulfur

  49. Also - • K- potassium • Ca - Calcium • Fe - Iron • Na - Sodium

  50. Trace elements • Co - Cobalt • Zn - Zinc • Mo - Molybdenum • Cu - Copper • Mn - Manganese • Si - Silicon

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