Physics - chemistry of the ocean and climate change

1. Physics - chemistry of the ocean and climate change Bogdan Góralski Library of the Historical Institute of Warsaw University

2. . Ocean Physicochemistry versus Climate Change - • - a summary of Bogdan Góralski’s lecture delivered during the seminar - a series of lectures entitled “21st Century Truths and Myths” at the Faculty of Chemistry of Warsaw University on 19 February 2014 at 15:00.

3. One of the unsolved problems of modern science is currently the phenomenon of acidification of the oceans • Scientists assume that this ocean absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide, which by its reaction forms the acidic reaction of the ocean. • My concept assumes that the ocean is absorbing from the atmosphere and emitting CO2 into the atmosphere. In the twentieth century, CO2 absorption by the oceans has decreased and emissions have increased.

4. Acidification of the ocean Source:http://i2i.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm • The carbon dioxide gas dissolved in water, called free carbon dioxide, reacts only slightly with water to form dissociated carbonic acid. The total content of free carbon dioxide and associated carbon dioxide is the general carbon dioxide. Bound carbon dioxide is in the water in the form of bicarbonateHCO3-i carbonate carbonates. Form in which CO2 is present in natural waters depends on the pH: • pH<4 100% dissolved gas CO2 • pH7 CO2 17,3% dissolved • pH 8 CO2 2%. dissolved • pH>8.3 zero CO2 and only HCO3- bicarbonate and carbonate anion are present. Alkalinity water is the ability to neutralize the mineral acid. This property lends the water present in the bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides, and present in small amounts silicates, borates and phosphates. • Source:http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/Katedry/Detergenty/files/uzdatnianie_wody-_cw3.pdf

5. Acidification of the ocean consists in the increasing concentration of hydrogen ions formed from dissociating carbonic acid. It has been found that acidification of the surface layer of the sea is accompanied by: 1. increase in it the content of CO2, 2. reduce the biological productivity of the seas 3. increase ocean temperature 4. Reduction of CO2 solubility 5. increase the temperature of the atmosphere 6. increase the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.   The depths of the oceans are always acidic because the calcium carbonate is dissolved lizokliny below, the pH of the surface layer of the ocean is changing.

6. Reconstruction of the pH history of the South China Sea Liu et al. (2009).

7. Annual variations in atmospheric CO2, oceanic CO2, and ocean surface pH. Strong trend lines for rising CO2 and falling pH.Every year, photosynthesis by plants removes CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season. At Mauna Loa the rate of decrease is highest in July and August.Source :http://skepticalscience.net/pdf/rebuttal/ocean-acidification-global-warming-intermediate.pdf

8. Carbon cycle in nature - Wikipedia source?Approximately 500 million gigatons C is contained inside the Earth (Dasgupta 2013, Goralski 2013)

9. Photosynthesis causes cyclical changes in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere Changes in ocean productivity-depend only on the supply of elements necessary for the development of plant life. These are supplied from the ocean depths during upwelling.

10. What is needed to support photosynthesis in the oceans? Nutrients from deep-nitrates, silicates, phosphates, iron, zinc, calcium, etc ... When the supply of minerals to the surface layer of the oceans is decreasing biological productivity of the oceans is decreasing-photosynthesis disappears, There is an increase in the amount of unbound carbon dioxide that diffuses from the warming oceans to the atmosphere.

11. Watson Gregg, NASA GSFC scientist has determined that the primary primary productivity of the ocean-NPP has dropped globally more than 6% over the past two decades. NPP is an indicator of CO2 consumption in photosynthesis and the use of carbon to grow plant cells Scholars say that during the Middle Ages warming the populations of salmon and cod declined and during the Little Ice Age their populations grew. It has been found that climate warming is associated with reduced ocean productivity, cooling with increased productivity.According to NASA satellite surveys and NOAA ocean observations, plant life in the world's oceans has become less productive since the early 1980s and absorbs less carbon from water.

12. Variation of fishing volume in the Peruvian upwelling zone Autor Natalie Barnes SOUTHAMPTON OCEANOGRAPHY CENTERhttp://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/education/posters/productivity.html In the Peruvian upwelling zone, the decrease in ocean productivity is accompanied by an increase in water temperature, and vice versa.

13. Oceans are warming up (source IPCC Report), ocean waters upwelling is decreasing due to changes in pole position- Earth-axis rotation

14. Changes in the productivity of the universe are due to changes in upwelling What causes changes in upwelling intensity? Ocean motion is caused by the inertia of water masses of different densities occurring at changes in the position of the earth's axis. Every change in the position of the earth's axis results in the movement of water masses caused by the change of the moment of inertia of the Earth.

15. Changes in the position of the north magnetic pole Source: http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/05.html

16. Cesare Emiliani has examined that the surface temperature of the oceans in the past 100 million years has decreased by 12 degrees Celsius (S. and K. Szymborscy 1981). This caused a general cooling of the Earth's climate.

17. Annual changes in the location of the northern geographic pole. Source IERS [mas=miliarcsec]

18. Annual changes in the location of the northern geographic pole. źródło IERS

19. Linear speed of rotation of the Earth at The equator is 1667km / h and the north pole is zero. For the last 10,000 years we have raised the SST by 12 degrees Celsius Source ( Mc Duff 2001). Changes in the position of the earth axis cause changes in the surface temperature of the sea sea surface temperature -SST

20. Since 1750, the poles have changed their position, as demonstrated by the speed of Earth's rotation given by the INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION & REFERENCE SYSTEMS SERVICE. • Changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth caused by changes in the geographical location of the pole are closely correlated with climate change and changes in SST (source: • http://www.meted.ucar.edu/oceans/naval_observatory/media_gallery.php)

21. Increasing CO2 concentration and raising the temperature has been around in the past about 20 thousand years and now it has been going on for almost as many years. What are we waiting for in the future? The thermal effect of CO2 is 5 degrees Celsius, and warmed up in the Holocene at 12 degrees Celsius. What does it mean? : Scheme increase in the content of CO2 in the atmosphere is repeatedSource:The IPCC Scientific Assessment (1990) page 11

22. Carbon dioxide in the past of 600 thousand years. Source:https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/figure-6-3.html

23. 36-85% by steam and clouds At 9-26% by CO2 In 7% by ozone In 8% by methane, nitrogen oxides, freon (Wikipedia source) If increasing of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere only accompanies the warming of the climate, what causes climate change? Climate changes cause changes in the position of the poles of the Earth in response to the impact of the Solar System The greenhouse effect is caused to varying degrees by several gases:

24. Climate change in Earth's history

25. I recommend my book in Polish on the Researchgate portal: Historia naturalna i zmiany klimatu

26. Thank you for your attention