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1. The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B. Anatomical Position. Standard anatomical body position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward. Table 1.1. Table 1.1. Table 1.1. Table 1.1. Table 1.1. Body Planes.

dennis-mejia
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  1. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B

  2. Anatomical Position • Standard anatomical body position: • Body erect • Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward

  3. Table 1.1

  4. Table 1.1

  5. Table 1.1

  6. Table 1.1

  7. Table 1.1

  8. Body Planes • Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

  9. Body Planes • Sagittal plane • Divides body vertically into right and left parts a. Midsagittal (median) plane • Lies on midline b. Parasagittal plane • Not on midline

  10. Body Planes 2. Frontal (coronal) plane • Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane • Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

  11. Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal) Pancreas Aorta Spleen Liver Spinal cord Intestines Rectum Spleen Left and right lungs Liver Heart Body wall Vertebral column Stomach Arm Subcutaneous fat layer Figure 1.8

  12. Anatomical Variability • Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: • Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place • Small muscles may be missing

  13. Body Cavities • Posterior (dorsal) cavity • Protects nervous system • Two subdivisions: • Cranial cavity- brain • Vertebral cavity- spinal cord

  14. Body Cavities • Ventral cavity • Houses internal organs (viscera) • Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity

  15. Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b

  16. Ventral Body Cavities • Thoracic cavity subdivisions: • Two pleural cavities • Each houses a lung • Mediastinum • Contains pericardial cavity • Surrounds thoracic organs • Pericardial cavity • Encloses heart

  17. Ventral Body Cavities • Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: • Abdominal cavity • Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver • Pelvic cavity • Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

  18. Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b

  19. Serous Membrane (Serosa) • Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

  20. Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart. Figure 1.10a-b

  21. Abdominopelvic Quadrants • Physicians commonly use these quadrants to identify the locations of patient’s symptoms. • There are 4 quadrants

  22. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1.11

  23. Abdominopelvic Regions • Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

  24. Diaphragm Liver Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Stomach Gallbladder Transverse colon of large intestine Ascending colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Descending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Initial part of sigmoid colon Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Appendix Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Figure 1.12

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