BIOLOGY

1. BIOLOGY

2. Benefits Provides overview of course and unit Provides structure for students Provides information at a glance Shows how information is linked/tied together Helps with organization of notebook Types of Organizers Course Organizer Template Unit Organizer Template Examples for Biology Course Organizer Unit Organizers: Introduction to Biology Cells Kansas Learning Strategy Organizers

3. Important Links • Steps on how to get to LCPS Science Resources • http://www.intranet.lcps then follow these links: Instruction (top) Curriculum and instruction (top) Documentation and info (bottom) Curriculum guides, links an resources Science • Useful Animation & Information available on the internet • http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm • http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations.html • http://www.cellsalive.com • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/index.html • http://www.biologycorner.com/ • http://puzzlemaker.school.discovery.com

4. Introduction to Biology • Lab Experimentation & Safety • Characteristics of Life • Scientific Method • SI Units • Tools Biologists Use

5. Lab Experimentation & Safety • Safety Contract • Intranet Access to Safety Manual Pg 75 • Teachers Attend Safety Training • August In-service • Activity: Lab from Hell

6. Characteristics of Life • Living things are made up of units called cells. • Unicellular & multicellular • Living thingsreproduce. • Asexual & bisexual • Living things are based on a universal genetic codecalled DNA. • Living things grow & develop. • Living obtained/get and use materials and energy (metabolism). • Living things things maintain an internal balance (homeostasis). This balance involves water, chemicals, and reactions with the organisms’ body. • Living things change over time (evolution). Notes, Key, & Lab: Characteristics of Life

7. Scientific Method 5 Steps • State the problem • Form a hypothesis • Set up a controlled experiment • independent variable (I change) • dependent variable • Constants or controlled • Record & analyze results • Draw a conclusion Lab Reports Lab Activity: Brand & Absorption Notes & Key : Scientific Method; Activity and Key: Can You Spot the Scientific Method

8. 1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001 Kilo- Hecto- Deca- Unit (m,L,g) deci- centi- King Henry Died Monday drinking chocolate milk. SI Units • Metric System is a decimal system based on multiples of 10. • M = Meter is the unit for length • L = Liter is the unit for volume • Cm3 = centimeters cubed is the unit for volume • G = Gram is the unit for mass • Degree or Celsius is the unit for temperature. • Examples of Conversion Worksheet & Key milli-

9. Triple Beam Balance Digital Electronic Scale Ruler/Metric Stick Goggles & Apron Glassware Graduated cylinders Flasks Beakers Slides & cover slips Forceps (tweezers) Microscopes Tools Scientist Use LINK: Tool of the Life Scientist

10. Microscopes • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first man to use a microscope to see living organisms. • Types Microscopes • Light Microscope & Compound Microscope • Electron Microscope • SEC • TEM • Monocular Microscope • Binocular Dissecting Microscope • Microscope and their Function • LAB: Microscope & Pond Water Links: Microscope Vocabulary Game

11. Classification • Carolus Linnaeus • Taxonomic Hierarchy • KPCOFGS • Binomial Nomenclature • 6 Kingdoms • Using Dichotomous Keys http://www.park.edu/bhoffman/courses/bi225/labs/Dichotomous%20Keys%202.htm • Viruses- non-living, therefore not a taxonomic group http://www.biology-online.org/1/9_pathogens.html Notes & Key: Viruses

12. 6 Kingdoms • Archaebacteria previously Monera http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/toc.htm#microbiol • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Links:

13. Comparing Kingdoms • Basic Structure: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • # Cells: Unicellular vs. Multicellular • Energy: Autotroph vs. Heterotroph • Cell Wall Composition: cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan

14. Ecology Populations Ecosystems Succession Humans and the Environment Notes & Key: Ecology Teacher Notes

15. Population • Population size • Refers to the number of individuals in a population • Factors that influence this size • Abiotic – nonliving, such as temperature, moisture, air, salinity, and pH • Biotic – all the living organisms that inhabit the environment

16. Population density • Refers to the number of individuals found within a given area • If too wide spread, they rarely encounter each other – difficult to reproduce

17. Dispersion • Refers to the way in which the individuals of the population are arranged • Even – individuals are located at equal intervals • Clumped – bunched together in clusters • Random – location of each individual is determined by chance

18. Population Growth – population grows when more individuals are born than die • Carrying capacity – when a population has reached the maximum size that the environment can support • Size is determined by limiting factors • Food, water, shelter

20. Populations living areas • Habitat = the area in which an organism lives • Niche = the role the organism has in an ecosystem

21. Population relationships • Symbiosis – close association between two different types of organisms – a scientific ‘living together’ • Mutualism – both organisms benefit (lichen) • Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped (epiphytes) • Parasitism – one organism benefits and the other is harmed (flea)

22. Ecosystems • Energy Flow • Producers - make their own food (green plants, algae, some bacteria) • Consumers - obtain their food from others • Herbivores – primary consumers that eat plants • Carnivores – secondary consumers that eat flesh • Omnivores – secondary or tertiary consumers that eat plants and flesh • Decomposers – eat dead and decaying organisms

23. Food Chain • Trophic levels • Clover • Rabbit • Snake • Hawk

24. Food Web • Food chains that interconnect • and overlap

25. Pyramid of biomass • Total mass of organisms at each trophic level • Pyramid of numbers • Number of organisms at each trophic level • Pyramid of energy • Amount of energy at each trophic level • Each trophic level receives ~ 10% from the next higher level

26. Cycles • Water cycle • Nonliving • Condensation, precipitation, evaporation • Living • Absorption, transpiration

27. Carbon cycle • Atmospheric carbon • Photosynthesis • Cellular respiration

28. Nitrogen cycle • Atmospheric nitrogen • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria • Nitrates • Nitrites • Plants • Animals • Decomposers

29. Oxygen cycle • Oxygen in air and water • Cellular respiration • Water • Photosynthesis

30. Succession • Populations in an area are replaced by other populations • Organisms make the environment less conducive for their existence and more conducive for the next level

31. Primary succession – where life did not exist before • Pioneer species • Continuing species change • Climax community • Ex. lichen, grasses, small bushes, small trees, mature softwoods (pines, balsams, firs), mature hardwoods (oaks, hickories)

32. Secondary succession – where a prior community was destroyed (by fire, flood, volcanic eruption, abandoned farming, mining, logging, etc.) • Pioneer species • Continuing species change • Climax community

33. Humans and the Environment • Conservation – Wise management of the Earth’s natural resources • Renewable resources • Nonrenewable resources

34. Renewable resources • Wildlife • Many threatened or endangered • Extinction occurs when a species disappears from Earth • Habitat destruction is major cause

35. Forests • Becoming smaller due to increased demand for wood and wood products • Deforestation occurs where large areas of forest are cut and cleared. Ex. tropical rainforests • Cut and burned to clear land for farming • Topsoil is thin, good for one, or maybe two, years • Then more must be cleared • When land is cleared, rain ceases as trees caused the rain through transpiration • Land becomes a desert Reforestation is a solution

36. Soil – good soil is needed to grow plants for food and for fibers to make cloth • Erosion can be prevented • Windbreaks • Contour plowing • Terrace plowing • Strip cropping • Crop rotation

37. Nonrewable resources • Water • Most important • Cannot live without it • Watersheds • Desalination

38. Fossil Fuels Coal, natural gas, oil Alternative energy forms solar energy nuclear energy wind power geothermal energy water energy

39. Pollution • Air pollution • Most comes from burning fossil fuels • Smog – smoke and fog • Acid rain – oxides from burning fossil fuel combine with moisture in air • Temperature inversion • Layer of warm air becomes trapped between layers of cool air • Air pollutants become trapped in cool air • Do not rise form the earth, stay near ground

40. Water pollution • Agricultural runoff • Industrial waste products • One major example is hot water • Causes thermal pollution • Hot water holds less oxygen than cold water

41. Land pollution – when people do not properly dispose of trash • Destroys natural beauty of our land • Killing animals that eat it or become trapped in it • Recycling is an answer

42. Some materials taken from: • Biology by Dean Medley • The Living World by George B. Johnson

43. Biochemistry • Atomic Structure • Elements- CHNOPS • Water Chemistry • pH scale • 4 Major Groups of Macromolecules • Nature of Enzymes

44. Atomic Structure Nucleus: protons and neutrons Orbitals: electrons, 8 electrons fills orbital Protons + Neutrons = Atomic mass Isotopes- differing # of neutrons Proton # = Atomic Number = Electron # Atomic Mass # - Proton number = Neutron # # Electrons determines reactivity and bonding Carbon easily bonds with several other atoms because it has only 4 electrons in outer orbital Covalent bonds- electrons are shared Ionic bonds- electrons are lost or gained creating ions which are attracted to each other Links:http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/gcse.html Bohr Modelhttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0501/es0501page01.cfm

45. Elements Most common in living things- CHNOPS Water Chemistry/Properties Polarity and effect on bonding Properties-Excellent solvent, cohesive, adhesive, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, less dense when frozen pH scale 0 7 14 acids neutral basic (alkaline) Most living things prefer neutral pH Strong acid Strong base Links:http://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/H2OProperties.html http://www.oceansonline.com/water_props.htm

46. 4 Major Groups of Organic Molecules

47. Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions. The reaction may build a larger molecule or breakdown a large molecule into parts. Enzymes and substrates fit together like “lock and key”. Reaction rate is also affected by temperature and pH because they may alter the shape of the enzyme. Links:http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html Lab: Catalase

48. Cell Theory Three Statements of Cell Theory All living things are made of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of life Cells come from preexisting cells. Scientist who helped Develop Cell Theory Robert Hooke – 1st Observed Cells (Cork Cells) Anton van Leeuwenhoek – 1st to see living cells (in pond water). Matthias Schleiden – All plants are made of one or more cells Theodor Schwann – All animals are composed of many cells Rudolph Virchow – All cells come from preexisting cells. Cells

49. Cells continued • Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Bacteria • Eukaryotic • Animal • Plant • Structure, Functions and Analogies of Cell Parts • Chart and Key • Note cards • Cell City

50. Cells continuedAnimal